West. Civ. Final Flashcards
Alfred the Great (r.871-899)
He united England and defeated the vikings. Established the house of wessex as head of England.
Charles the Simple (r.898-922)
A Frankish king, who in 911 formatlly ceded Normandy to Rollo a Viking leader in Normandy. Charles is significant because he legitimized mideval rule.
Fuedalism
This happened because the government was decentralized and localism became more useful. This system was inherited from the Patron Client System (Roman) and Comitatos(german). Lords and vassals took a oath or fealty to someone of a higher status. The two withheld recriprocal obligations.
Universitas
Means guild. Universities were created. They taught the Trivium and the Quadrivium which included the seven liberal arts.
Trivium & Quadrivium
This is the way universities taught, it includes the seven liberal arts. Including grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
Scholasticism
To reconcile faith with reason. This was the goal with scholastics. Aristotle was an influence.
Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
The first scholastic, he was an italian benedictine monk. Worked with the theological application of dialect and worked with the ideo of God is perfect versus god exists and why god became man. He is significant because he was the first scholastic to begin the arguement that there is no battle b/w faith & reason.
Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
A scholastic who applied crical reason to sacred text. Created the Sic et Non (“Yes and No”) which was 150 theological questions that were evidence for and against religion that left the audience searching for an answer through their own reasoning by reconciling contradictions. ie. critical thinking.
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
A scholastic who created the Summa Theologica whcihc was a comprehensive summary of all knowledge available. He is significant because this is the first encyclopedia.
Duke William & Cluny
Important to the Monastic Reform in the 10th century. Duke William X founded the monastry Created the clunic monks that lived by the Clunic Ideal of strict order which answered to the Pope. Significant because it created the hierarchal power organization in monasteries.
Benard of Clairvaux, Cistercians
Created the Cistercian monds in the 11th century in the. They were strictly devowt and they practiced poverty like Jesus, corporate poverty.
Mendicant Orders: Franciscans and Dominicans
This was a reform that happened outside the monasteries. They believe that instead of isolating yourselves from the people you should go out among them. They practiced Apostolic poverty. Franciscans formed by Francis Assisi (1209) he went to the pope to have it made official. Domingo de Guzman started the Dominicans they were fighters of heresy through education.
College of Cardinals (1059 CE)
Part of papal reform, as a goal to achieve supremacy over the kings of Europe Cardinals formed the College of Cardinals which eleced the Pope. Significant because this took power away from the emperor and kings so only the cardinals could elect the pope.
Investitiure Controversy
In the late 11th century to the early 12th century. Pope Gregory VII and H.R.E Henry IV desagreed on who had the right to appoint bishops. Henry was excluding Gregory from the election of them so outlawed investiture and excommunicated him. An ongoing disagreement led to the Concordat of Worms in 1122 CE which took away most the kings input on the election of bishops but allowed him to be present. This is significant because it ends the investiture controversy
The Crusades
Launched in 1095 as a crusade to get Muslims out of the Holy Land but they pretty much killed everyone in the Jerusalem, christians, jews, and muslims. 8 Official crusades occured. Crusadors participated mainly out of greed for land and money.
The Cathars (Albigensians)
A dualist religion in which they believed in two goods, light and darkness. The believe in denying themselves of earthly items so they would be more heavenly. Didn’t believe in sacraments and priests instead they used councils that anyone could participate in.
The Albigensian Crusade (1208-1229)
A crusade to supress heresy, started by Pope Innocent III in Toulouse, France. But it was really just a way for the papcty to get more power through land and wealth. It was continued with Pope Gregory IX who establishes the Papal Inquisition 1231. This crusade is significant because it associated the church with persecution and bloodshed and people began to question the church.
Papal Inquisition (1231)
A crusade set up by Pope Gregory IX in 1231. It’s goel was to discover undectected heretics. It resulted in people associating the church with persecution and blood shed. This is significant because people began to question the church.
Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)
The pope that started the Albigensian Crusades.
Fourth Latern Council (1215 CE)
The most important council sense Council Niceae. The council met in 1215 to determine the seven sacrements and to detemine whether the Eucharists really when through transubstantian, they decided it did so they made it essential.
Battle of Stamford Bridge (Sept, 1066)
English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada of Norway over who would succeed the thrown in England. Godwinsson won and expelled them.
William, Duke of Normandy: Battle of Hastings (Oct. 1066)
At the battle of Hastings William fought King Harold of England and defeated him, resulting him becoming the King of England, this event is refered to as the Norman Invasion
Domesday Book 1086
A Norman King William I of England commissioned a census be taken of England. This book is significant because it is an invaluable historical record of this period in England.
Exchequer
Created by Henry I who ruled in the England in 1100-1135. This is a office which was in charge of making sure England payed their bils. Only nobles were allowed to run for it. This is the first time we see a financial office for the kingdom of England.
Angevin Empire
This is referred to as an Empire because it emcompasses all the land that Henry II owned because of inheritance and his wifes dowry. It’s significant because it is own of the reasons for the 100 year war.
Richard I (r. 1154- 1189): Third Crusade
Kings’ Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. It was successful but it did not succeed fully because they didn’t capture Jerusalem.
Magna Carta 1215
In 1215, King John I’s vassals came together in the Barons revolt becuase they were mad at him over taxes. This document demanded that he uphold reciprocal obligations, held him subject to the law, could not make new taxes without consent, and created due process. This is significant because they were assurting fuedal obligations from the kings.
Reconquista
In Spain, this was the reconquest of Muslim lands. It resulted in the recapturing of territories that were conquered by Muslims.
Phillip II (r.1180-1223)
During his rule he created Bailiffs, which were a more mideval verson of the missi dominici. This important because it’s influenced by Charlemagnes rule.
Louis IX(r.1126-1270): Parlement
A french king who ruled from 1126- 1270. Known for the codification of law in france (writing it down). Created Parlement, which developed the French Supreme Court. This is significant because it connected the king to the law in France
Otto I (r.936-973): Battle of Lecfeld (955) & the Magyars
A warrior kind of Germany elected into office. Most famous for the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 which he destroyed the Magyars in just one battle. Bringing on the Ottonian Renaissance.
Henry III (r. 1039-1056)
Part of the Salian Dynasty in rule from 1039-1056. He used bishops and abbots as his administrators.
Henry IV (r.1056-1106)
A king in Germany of the Salian dynasty from 1056 to 1106. Significant because this is the king that brought on the investitiure controversy because he was electing his own bishops.
Frederick I Hohenstaufen “Barbarossa” (r. 1152-1190)
A powerful german king who rulled from 1152-1190, who was elected by the germans who intended him to be a weak king. He wanted to control Burgundy, Swabia, and Italy. Fought wars with the italians. He’s significant becuase he outlaws private warfare in germany which is a step towards unifying germany.
Henry III (r.1216-1272)
An english king who created the Great Council first used parlement because he was in a weakened position because the nobility were taking power away from him.
Simon de Montfort (1208-1265)
The man who led the Barons’ Revolt, Whom helped lead the Battle of Lewes defeating Henry III. Significant because his actions lead to the creation of the Great Council. An it’s the first time commons of England were given a voice.
Battle of Lewes (1264)
A battle that occured in 1264 because of the Baron’s revolt which was caused by the Barons’ unhappiness about taxes. The Barons beat Henry. As a result the Great Council is created.
Edward I (r. 1272-1307) “Model Parliment” (1295)
In 1295 Edward I created the official Parliament. It consisted of representatives from the nobility, counties, and towns. This is significant because this is where Parliament becomes an institution.
House of Lords & House of Commons
House of Lords included Immediate vassals, bishops, and powerful abbots basically the higher up nobilities. The House of Commons consisitd of 2 knights from every shire and 2 representatives from towns. Eventually Bishops and Abbots pulled out of the Hosue of Lords because they did not want to be involved in state while lesser moved to house of commons.
“Power of the Purse”
Created by the House of Commons this gave people who are elected the power to tax. This is significant because it gave the Houses power to control funds and taxes of England. A financial office of government.
Cortes
The advisory council of the King in Spain. Made of of powerful fuedal lods closest to the king. This is significant because it’s the legislature that is still used today.
Bourgeoisie
A council created in Spain that consisted of towns people. The middle class participated in this. This council had input on whether the king could get money to fun battles.
Philip IV, the Fair (r.1285-1314)
During his rule he was at war with Edward of England. He used Nasty Tactics to get money for his war. Including Persecution of the Jews, declared the Kings Templar Heractics, and taxed the church. His rule is significant because the entire time he was trying to get money to fight England.
Knights Templar
Knights that fought in the crusades and because of it became very wealthy. During the rule of Philip IV the Fair they were declared heratics so that he could obtain their wealth. Significant because their wealth funded the war with England in the 14th century.
Pope Boniface VIII (r.1294-1303)
When Philip IV began taxing the church in the 13-14th centuries he told them that they could not tax the papacy so he was arrrested. This caused a two front war for France causing Philip IV to be even more desperate for money.
Estates General
First meeting in 1302 under the rule of Philip IV because he neeeded them for propaganda purposesso he could justify his unruly methods to obtaining the funds for the war against King Edward I of England. He sent these people out o various provinces to explain his charges against Boniface and gain support.
Frederick II (r.1215-1250)
Gave away imperial rights.
Interregnum (1254-1273)
This marks a period of time in Germany were their was no king because nobles and the papacy were fighing. This is significant because it caused government to move to a local level because their was no leadership meeting the needs of people.
The Golden Bull (1356)
A political office in Germany created to control the electing of emperors. It brought it down to less people voting then previous methods. It consisted of 7 imperial electors, 3 clergy and 4 noblement. This is significant because it eliminated the power of the papacy in the election of German King.
Battle of the Bay of Sluys
The first battle during the 100 years war between England and France. This was a naval battle, that England won. As a result the Frenches navy was completely destroyed. This is significant because after this point all battles were fought on French soil.
Battle of Crecy (1346)
A battle during the 100 yrs War between England and France, on french soil. The English won this battle, as a result they seized a port which gave them an advantage in the war because they now had somewhere to remain.
Battle of Poitiers (1356)
A battle during the 100 years war between England and France. As a result of this battle the English capture John II an they agreed to the Peace of Bretigny and ended English Vassalage, and held him for ranson. This battle is important because it’s considered the greatest English victory.
The Great Famine (1315-1317)
A period in the 14th century when the population had exceeded the food supply and as a result their was a famine that lasted two years. This is significant because it explains why the population saw such a blow from the plague because people weren’t healthy enough.
Flagellants
These were groups of religious people that believe the plague was punishment from God. So they punished themselves by traveling city to city whipping themselves in public as self sacrifice. They were not helping the problem though they were actually spreading the plague even more. Eventually the church outlawed it completely. This is significant becuase it shows the desperate measures people were taking to try and cure the plague.
English Peasants Revolt (1381)
As a result of the plague their were social and economic changes occuring and the peasants were moving around and changing occupations. As a result the nobility were trying to hold on to their way of life, so they created the Satute of Labores which set low wages and restricted the peasants to the land. As a result they revolted. This is sign. b/c manorialism is ending.
Jacquerie, aka the French Peasants’ Revolt (1358)
As a result of the plague their were social and economic changes occuring and the peasants were moving around and changing occupations. As a result the nobility were trying to hold on to their way of life, so they created the Satute of Labores which set low wages and restricted the peasants to the land. As a result they revolted. This is sign. b/c manorialism is ending.
Peace of Bretigny (1360)
After the battle of Poiters when England captured John II from France they agreed to the Peace of Bretigny in 1360. This ended Englands vassalage to France. This is significant becaue it gives England it’s sovereignty.
Battle of Agincourt (1415)
King Henry V of England invaded France and achieved a great victory at the battle of Agincourt in 1415, it ended in the complete reversal and the ousting of the English ffrom the continent for good. Significant because even though England won they ironically lost.
The Treaty of Troyes
The Treaty of Troyes was an agreement that Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the throne of France upon the death of King Charles VI of France. It was signed in the French city of Troyes on 21 May 1420 in the aftermath of the Battle of Agincourt. It forms a part of the backdrop of the latter phase of the Hundred Years’ War, in which various English Kings tried to establish their claims to the French throne.
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
A woman who declared God had called her to get Orleans. She saved the city at the Siege of Orleans. Obtaining a french victory which made Charles able to recieve his crown. She was captured later by the burgundians and where she was tried as a witch, she was burned at the stake. She’s significant she helped reinvigorate the french army.
Siege of Orleans (1429)
A battle of the 100’s years war which was led by Joan of Arc, which the french won. and saved the city. This battle is significant because it reinvigorated the French army.
Nationalism
Emerged as a result of the 100’s Years War. Createing the Nation-State, which English recognized themselves as English, they no longer clasified themselves by region.
Clericos Laicos (1296)
This was a decree from the papacy that said kingdoms could not tax the papacy. As a result the king of France started nasty rumors of the pope trying to get him out of office. This is important because this is what sets the stone rolling for the Great Schism.
Unam Sanctam (1302)
This is a decree by the papacy saying that all authorities must submit to the pope, angering the French even further. This is significant because it is the most supreme statement the papacy has ever made.
Clement V (1305-1314)
A french pop who moved the papacy to French territory in Avignon in 1309. He is important becasue he starts the Avignon papacy.
The Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
Began in 1309 by Pope Clement V a french pope. Moving the papacy to French terrritory in Avignon which starts the Avignon papacy. The papacy remains here for about 60 years. Then when it moves back to Rome, it’s ultimately the reason for the Great Schism.
Pope Urban VI (1378-1389)
After the death of Pope Gregory, Romes wanted a pope that was Italian and wanted to end the French succession. As a result Urban VI was elected, resulting in the end to the French’s succession of popes.
Great Schism of the West (1378-1417)
When the papacy moved back to Rome and they elected a Italian pope the French cardinals abandoned Rome and elected a new pope in Avignon. As a result Europe was split b/w the two Rome vs. Avignon. This is important because people began second guessing the supremacy of the papacy.
John Wycliffe (c.1320-1384) & Jan Huss (c.1369-1415)
14the century Heresies. Each stressed a person relationship with God, having an individual conscience. Denounced hierarchy of the church, denied transubstantiation. Caused the bible to be translated into vernacular. These two are important because they laid the foundation for Protestantism.
Council of Pisa (1409)
A council met at Pisa in 1409 in hopes to end the Great Schism. They elected a new pope but the other popes refused to submit so as a result their were 3 popes.
Coucil of Constance (1414-1418)
This council met to try once again to end the Great Schism. They changed the way popes were elected by having 1 vote per nation. This ends the schism and starts the conciliar movement. This council is important because its considered the greatest gathering of the middle ages.
Council of Florence (1439)
In 1439 the conciliar movement held council to tranform the papacy monarchy by decreasing their power. As a result though they ened up electing another pope and causing another schism. This is important becasue they move to dissolve conciliar movement ending it.
Protestant Reformation (1517-1648)
In 1517 Martin Luther nailed his 95 thesises, stating things that were wrong in the church, to the door of the church in Wittenberg Germany. Begining the protestant reformation in the west.
Martin Luther
The man who is credited for begining the protestant reformation because he nailed a list of the things wrong with the church to his churchs door in wittenberg, Germany. He is important because his actions begin the Protestant Reformation.
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
The prince of Portugal who is credited for their success. He patronized anything to do with trade, this includes sailors. He is significant because his patronage brought great wealth to Portugal.
Bartolomeo Dias
A early explorer who sailed to the Cape of God Hope in Africa in hopes to real India.
Christopher Columbus
A sailor who saild for Spain in aims to conquest and colonize. He was very good at sailing and well versed. He is significant for sailing the ocean Atlantic in 1492 and staking claim on Cuba.
Vasco De Gama
A Portugesse sailor who sailed to Calicut in 1497. This is significant because he is a sailor who helped give Portugal their reputation in sailing.
Florence, Italy
This is the city where the Renaissance began.
Studia Humanitatis (A Liberal Arts Program)
A Philosophical and Education Program whom the Humanists learned by.
Humanitas (“humanity”)
The Renaissance movement of strong intellects and artists. They believe to be a well educated person you have to study everything and you should want to.
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
Renaissance humanist author who wrote Letters to the Ancient Dead and Africa two writings that show connections to ancient literature. Africa was a modeling of what this period was like which is a invaluable historical info. He’s most significant for reering to the medeval ages as the darkages and he is considered the father of humanism
Giovanni Boccacccio (1313-1375)
A humanist during the Renaissance, he wrote teh Decameron which consisted of 100 stories. Some of these stories consist of stories about the black death. This makes him important because he is considered one of the best sources for the black death. He survived it.
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
A Renaissance humanist who helped reformed educaiton. He believe that wisdom should be eloquently spoken. He wrote the Book of Courtiers that said you should want to know everything.
Christine de Pisan (c.1363-1434)
Woman humanist author who wrote The Treasure of the City of Ladies. A chronological organized of great women of history all the way back to greece. She is famous for saying women have the mind to be just as educated as men.
Civic Humanism
Be infomred and involved in your society. They promoted civic service and individual virtue. Incouraged people to make educated informed decisions.
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
A renaissance man who practiced deep scholarship and practical politics. He argued that there was two sides of humanism.
