wertyuio Flashcards
Denny feels lethargic and frustrated of late. He is a moderate smoker and one who has never been into exercising. When he visits the doctor, he is asked to list all he can about his diet, sleep, and exercise habits. Which approach best explains the doctor’s approach to dealing with Denny’s problems?
the health behaviour approach
______ meditation Notes the experiences and emotions that arise in one’s mind.
mindfulness
what is secondary appraisal?
Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress.
Stress-related cortisol release causes ____dendrites to shrink, which can interfere with memory.
hippocampal
_____ is released in response to stress and helps mobilize the body’s energy resources.
cortisol
In contrast to the Dark Ages, during ___________ the Christian Church allowed people to focus not only on their soul and eternal life, but also to see earthly beauty and human art as manifestations of God’s power
the Renaissance
The _____________ school sought to ______________.
Humanist; restore power to the individual
Rogers emphasized _________, while Maslow emphasized _________.
unconditional positive regard; the hierarchy of needs
What did pre-civilized people think
about mind?
No distinction between living and non-living, Material and non-material
what is animism?
Nature is alive, Vital spirits in things, Magic
what is the naturalistic view?
Physical principles can explain all life
what did the Biological/Medical view discover about the brain?
Left-right brain-body link
what view did pythagoras contribute to psychological thought?
Mathematical view
which ancient greek developed humanism?
socrates
plato believed in ____, while aristotle believed in _____ _______
mathematics/reason, natural explanations/experience
who developed the hierarchy of souls?
aristotle
name the order between ancient and modern times.
christianity, dark ages, crusades, renaissance, revolution in science
what -ism is “i think; therefore i am”?
rationalism
who is responsible for evolution by natural selection?
charles darwin
what views did charles darwin contribute to?
functional, comparative, developmental
who developed eugenics?
galton
what is trephination?
used for mental illness, the drilling of the skull performed with primitive tools and techniques
who used hypnosis as a contribution to psychology?
anton mesmer
what distinguised Distinguished Manic Depressive Psychosis (Bipolar) and Dementia?
Emil Kraepelin
who developed the lobotomy practice?
egas moniz
who Destroyed the brain areas of pigeons and observed behaviour (ablation)?
Pierre Flourens
fritsch, hitzig, ect. used _____ ________ in psychology
electrical stimulation
who developed the two point threshold, psychophysics?
ernst weber
what is the goal is Wundt’s voluntarism?
To understand consciousness as experienced
what did carl jung study?
Extraversion-Introversion, Archetypes
who were main contributors to behaviourism?
ivan pavlov and john b. watson
who studied rats in behaviourism?
b. f. skinner
who’s theory involved cognitive maps?
edward tolman
whose psychology has the philosophy ‘The whole is more than the sum of the parts’?
Gestalt
who contributed to the study of obedience to authority?
stanley milgrim
who invented the hierarchy of needs?
maslow
who are the two people most involved in humanistic psychology?
Carl rogers and abraham maslow
who is associated with Unconditional positive regard
and Group therapy?
carl rogers
what have we learned about development?
a child is not a miniature adult
Functionalism builds on concepts proposed by
________ and is associated with the psychologist
_________.
Darwin; James
The school of psychology that emphasized that
perception goes beyond the parts that our senses
detect and makes us ‘see’ wholes that are not really
there is known as _____________.
gestalt
Plato is to _____________ as Aristotle is to
____________.
Descartes; Locke
what did Fritsch and Hitzig do?
Electrically stimulated the brains of dogs.
Although Gall and Spurzheim’s approach was
incorrect, their work was important because it….
gave credence to the idea of localization of
brain function.
what is a stressor?
An event that triggers a stress response
what are the 3 aspects of stress?
stress–>stimulus–>response
what are the two classes of stress of a stimulus?
systemic and processive
what class of stress is a bear sighting?
systemic
what class of stress is money troubles?
processive
what is primary appraisal?
assessment of meaning of event
what is secondary appraisal?
self-assessment of available resources
what are the three major ways to cope?
problem focused, emotion focused, seeking social support
what are the two “best” ways of coping?
social support, problem focused
what is problem focused coping?
Planning active coping and problem-solving, suppressing, exercising restraint
what is emotion focused coping?
acceptance, denial, escape-avoidance, wishful thinking
what is social support coping?
help and guidance, emotional support
It is important to stick to one coping skill that works for you, true or false?
false, It is important to have a range of coping skills
coping style differs by culture, true or false?
true
what are some techniques for managing stress?
Cognitive approaches, Self-instructional training, Relaxation training, Meditation/mindfulness, Managing healthy lifestyle
what decade was the switch from focusing on illness management/treatment to focusing on illness prevention?
1960-1970
what are the goals of health psychology?
increase health, Promoting behaviours and decreasing health, Compromising behaviours
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination are stages of what coping model?
transtheoretical model
what is the goal of motivational interviewing?
to lead people to their own conclusions and motivation for behaviour change
what struggle can use cognitive-behavioural interventions combined with increasing health-promoting behaviour to cope?
weight loss
what is cognitive behavioural therapy?
identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on behavior.
high _____ and _____ costs are associated with substance abuse
economic, social
why do relapses tend to happen?
Triggers, such as – stress, conflict, social pressure, cues
a health psychologist can help with treating stress, anxiety, or mood disorders which are contributing to exacerbation of medical symptoms, to simply assisting patients struggling to make lifestyle changes (e.g., smoking cessation, exercise). true or false?
true
what is the general adaption syndrome in relation to stress and what are the three stages?
Generalized, universal response to stress
• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion
what is the psychosomatic theory? (stress)
Idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness
immunity can either be _____ or ______
acquired, natural
how does stress affect depression when combined?
a Stressful life event often precedes depressive episode
how does stress affect post-traumatic stress disorder when combined?
Disorder directly tied to extremely stressful incident
the ____ model Proposes that is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a “disease”
medical
Three criteria for discerning behaviour as disordered are…. (3 D’s)
deviant, distressing, dysfunctional
Culture influences how disorders are expressed and diagnosed, true or false?
true
what is a common example of a culture-specific disorder?
anorexia
What does the DSM stand for?
the diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders
who was the DSM developed by?
the American Psychiatric Association
what is the most obvious change that was made in the DSM-IV?
no longer has “axis” structure
the DSM defines disorders, provides a set of interrelated symptoms, and suggests treatment. true or false?
false, the DSM does not suggest treatment
what is the difference between categorical and dimensional classification of disorders?
Categorical can fit into a category or not,
Dimensional considers severity along certain dimensions of a disorder
the DSM-IV is controversial because it “medicalizes” ______ behaviour
normal
it is normal to feel anxious, but when is anxiety a problem?
When it makes the decisions for you, interferes with your life and/or causes significant distress
what are the 4 types of symptoms that can be associated with an anxiety disorder?
emotional, physiological, behavioural, and cognitive
what is an example of an emotional symptom for anxiety?
Feelings of tension
what is an example of an cognitive symptom for anxiety?
Worry, think it is going to happen more often than it actually does (ex. Plane crashing). Also, overestimate how bad it is going to be (worst case scenario)
what is an example of an physiological symptom for anxiety?
having fight or flight response when there is no actual danger
what is an example of an behavioural symptom for anxiety?
avoidance of feared situations
generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women than men, true or false?
true
what is the definition of generalized anxiety disorder?
a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months
what is the difference between a panic attack and a panic disorder?
a Panic attack is an Intense fear or discomfort (Often unpredictable, but some are cued), while a Panic disorder
includes recurrent unexpected panic attacks (plus concern about future attacks)
what is the definition of Agoraphobia, which is it’s own disorder in the DSM-IV?
fear of being in places where escape is not possible if panic occurred
onset of panic disorder is typically……?
usually during late adolescence, early adulthood
what distinguishes a specific phobia from a normal fear?
intense reaction (panic attack), Avoidance
what is social anxiety disorder and how does it affect a person’s behaviour?
Pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others, Marked by severe self-consciousness about appearance or behaviour or both
what are some symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder?
Increased arousal, irritability, difficulty sleeping, or exaggerated startle response
an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person’s mind and causes distress is known as a(n)_____
obsession
a _______ is a repetitive behaviour performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules
compulsive
dysthymia has it’s own category in the DSM-IV, true or false?
false, dysthymia now falls under the category of persistent depressive disorder
what is dysthymia?
continuous long-term (chronic) form of depression
what is necessary to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?
Period of at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure plus 4 other symptoms
Must cause change from previous functioning
No mania or hypomania
what is mania?
mania is a mood disorder in which people feel incredibly excited, hyperactive, and overly optimistic
depressive disorders are 2x more likely to be seen in which gender?
female
onset of men and onset of women for depression?
men=40s, women=20s
what are the causes of depression?
Combination of brain chemistry and life circumstance, Diathesis-stress model biological model cognitive model behavioural model
what does the Diathesis-Stress Theory state?
psychological disorders develop due to a combination of genetic vulnerability and risk factors in the environment.
the biological model states that personality traits for those with depression include:
high avoidant and low reward-oriented
the biological model says that people with depression have ____ active neurotransmitters
Underactive neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)
depression is more likely to be shared in concordance twins than in fraternal twins, true or false? (biological model)
true
what is the cognitive model in relation to causes of depression?
those with depression usually have increase negative thoughts, increase negative emotions/related symptoms of depression
what are the categories of mania? (DIGFAST)
distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, flight of ideas, activity increased, sleep (decreased need for), talkativeness
name some causes of bipolar disorder
Fetal exposure to alcohol, Genetic component (Twin studies: 40-70% concordance rate), Brain abnormalities, Neurochemistry, Stress and trauma
what does the neurochemistry of someone who has bipolar disorder look like?
Low serotonin coupled with high norepinephrine (in mania)
psychosis is more rare than schizophrenia, true or false?
false, schizophrenia=1/100, psychosis=3/100
what is psychosis?
a process whereby the senses are distorted, making it difficult for the person to distinguish between what is real and unreal
what is a psychotic disorder?
A serious disturbance in an individual’s reality testing; Affects a person’s ability to think, perceive and act
“positive” symptoms of a psychotic disorder may include:
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disorganized and bizarre behaviour
what are some changes in perception that an individual struggling with a psychosis disorder may have?
A person may hear, see, smell, taste, or feel something that is not actually there (hallucinations, such as hearing voices)
Things may taste or smell as if they are “bad” or even poisoned
what are some changes in thinking that an individual struggling with a psychosis disorder may have?
- Everyday thoughts become confused or don’t join up properly
- Sentences are unclear or don’t make sense
It is common for someone experiencing ______ to hold false beliefs
psychosis
what can cause psychosis?
structural abnormalities, adolescent abnormalities in brain development, dopamine hypothesis, glutamate deficiency
what is the dopamine hypothesis (in relation to causes of psychosis)?
overactivity of DOPAMINE system in regions for emotional expression, motivation, and cognitive function
Up to 60% of individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) misuse and/or abuse substances, true or false?
true
Risk of psychosis increases about 40% in individuals who have ever used cannabis, true or false?
true, stay away from da kush brah
when is the typical onset of personality disorders?
in adolescence or early adulthood
how many different types of personality disorders are there?
10
identify the 3 clusters of personality disorders.
- A: Odd & eccentric
- B: Dramatic & emotional
- C: Anxious & fearful
what are symptoms for cluster A of personality disorders? (odd and eccentric)
Schizoid, Schizotypal, paranoid: lack of interest in social relationships, inappropriate or flat emotion, thought and coldness
what are symptoms for cluster B of personality disorders? (dramatic and emotional)
Histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial: wild, exaggerated behaviours, extreme need for attention, suicidal, seductive, unstable relationships, shifting moods
what are symptoms for cluster C of personality disorders? (anxious and fearful)
Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive: anxious and worrying, sense of inadequacy, fear of being criticized, nervousness, avoids social interaction
what is borderline personality disorder?
A condition marked by instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
Often have intense fear of abandonment and instability in relationships
Often engage in self-destructive behaviours
people with borderline personality disorder tend to overreact to stress, as they experience chronic difficulties with _______________
regulating their emotions
which personality disorder may result in uncontrolled “emotional cascades”?
borderline
what are characteristics of an individual with antisocial -personality disorder?
o Impulsive o Manipulative o Ruthless behaviour o Callous o Often engage in criminal behaviour
women are more likely to have antisocial personality disorder than are men, true or false?
false, men are more likely
childhood disorders are known as _____________disorders in DSM 5
neurodevelopment
what specific two childhood disorders did we focus on?
ADHD and autism spectrum disorder
ADHD occurs more often in males or females?
males
ADHD is strictly a childhood disorder, true or false?
false, it can continue into adulthood
ADHD often can interfere with…..
Interferes with education, occupation, relationships
what are the 3 main components of ADHD?
- Inattention
- Hyperactivity
- Impulsivity
ADHD in girls may go unrecognized and unreported, true or false?
true
____ with ADHD may be more likely to display inattentive/disorganized symptoms
girls
DSM criteria (cutoffs and symptoms) may be more appropriate to girls than boys, true or false?
false, more appropriate to boys
ADHD is not genetic, true or false?
false, it is
____ is a myth commonly believed to be the cause of hyperactivity in ADHD
sugar
The role of diet, allergy, and lead as primary causes of ADHD is moderate, true or false?
false, it is minimal to nonexistent
what are the main features of autism spectrum disorder?
- Impaired social communications and interactions
* Repetitive behaviours and restricted interests
ASD is 4-5 X more common in boys than in girls, true or false?
true
what are known causes of ASD?
- Problems in early development
- Genetic influences
- Brain abnormalities
Children with_________ experience more health problems during pregnancy, at birth, or immediately following birth
ASD
The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has discovered that there is a relationship between MMR vaccine and autism, true or false?
false, there is no relationship
are concordance rates higher in fraternal twins or identical twins for ASD?
identical twins
Behavioral features of _____ may result from abnormalities in brain structures and functioning consistent with early disturbance in neural development
ASD
drugs are used to treat symptoms of psychological disorders, not cure. true or false?
true
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common treatment for _______ and _____
depression, anxiety
lithium is a drug treatment for _______
bipolar disorder (treats mania)
Traditional antipsychotics is a common drug treatment for _____
schizophrenia
which drug treatment has a side effect of tardive dyskinesia?
traditional antipsychotics for schizophrenia
_______ is an early treatment for psychosis thought to disengage disruptive thought
psychosurgery
what is the danger of psychosurgery?
danger of leading to a vegetative state
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which can create some permanent memory loss, is a treatment for which disorder?
severe depression
what is Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, a treatment of severe depression and some symptoms of schizophrenia?
Exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity
which neurologist discovered Broadmann’s Area 25,a neural switch for depression?
Helen Mayberg
drug compliance is often an issue for people with ________
schizophrenia
