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wertyuio Flashcards

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1
Q

Denny feels lethargic and frustrated of late. He is a moderate smoker and one who has never been into exercising. When he visits the doctor, he is asked to list all he can about his diet, sleep, and exercise habits. Which approach best explains the doctor’s approach to dealing with Denny’s problems?

A

the health behaviour approach

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2
Q

______ meditation Notes the experiences and emotions that arise in one’s mind.

A

mindfulness

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3
Q

what is secondary appraisal?

A

Evaluating the resources available to cope with stress.

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4
Q

Stress-related cortisol release causes ____dendrites to shrink, which can interfere with memory.

A

hippocampal

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5
Q

_____ is released in response to stress and helps mobilize the body’s energy resources.

A

cortisol

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6
Q

In contrast to the Dark Ages, during ___________ the Christian Church allowed people to focus not only on their soul and eternal life, but also to see earthly beauty and human art as manifestations of God’s power

A

the Renaissance

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7
Q

The _____________ school sought to ______________.

A

Humanist; restore power to the individual

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8
Q

Rogers emphasized _________, while Maslow emphasized _________.

A

unconditional positive regard; the hierarchy of needs

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9
Q

What did pre-civilized people think

about mind?

A

No distinction between living and non-living, Material and non-material

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10
Q

what is animism?

A

Nature is alive, Vital spirits in things, Magic

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11
Q

what is the naturalistic view?

A

Physical principles can explain all life

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12
Q

what did the Biological/Medical view discover about the brain?

A

Left-right brain-body link

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13
Q

what view did pythagoras contribute to psychological thought?

A

Mathematical view

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14
Q

which ancient greek developed humanism?

A

socrates

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15
Q

plato believed in ____, while aristotle believed in _____ _______

A

mathematics/reason, natural explanations/experience

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16
Q

who developed the hierarchy of souls?

A

aristotle

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17
Q

name the order between ancient and modern times.

A

christianity, dark ages, crusades, renaissance, revolution in science

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18
Q

what -ism is “i think; therefore i am”?

A

rationalism

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19
Q

who is responsible for evolution by natural selection?

A

charles darwin

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20
Q

what views did charles darwin contribute to?

A

functional, comparative, developmental

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21
Q

who developed eugenics?

A

galton

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22
Q

what is trephination?

A

used for mental illness, the drilling of the skull performed with primitive tools and techniques

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23
Q

who used hypnosis as a contribution to psychology?

A

anton mesmer

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24
Q

what distinguised Distinguished Manic Depressive Psychosis (Bipolar) and Dementia?

A

Emil Kraepelin

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25
Q

who developed the lobotomy practice?

A

egas moniz

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26
Q

who Destroyed the brain areas of pigeons and observed behaviour (ablation)?

A

Pierre Flourens

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27
Q

fritsch, hitzig, ect. used _____ ________ in psychology

A

electrical stimulation

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28
Q

who developed the two point threshold, psychophysics?

A

ernst weber

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29
Q

what is the goal is Wundt’s voluntarism?

A

To understand consciousness as experienced

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30
Q

what did carl jung study?

A

Extraversion-Introversion, Archetypes

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31
Q

who were main contributors to behaviourism?

A

ivan pavlov and john b. watson

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32
Q

who studied rats in behaviourism?

A

b. f. skinner

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33
Q

who’s theory involved cognitive maps?

A

edward tolman

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34
Q

whose psychology has the philosophy ‘The whole is more than the sum of the parts’?

A

Gestalt

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35
Q

who contributed to the study of obedience to authority?

A

stanley milgrim

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36
Q

who invented the hierarchy of needs?

A

maslow

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37
Q

who are the two people most involved in humanistic psychology?

A

Carl rogers and abraham maslow

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38
Q

who is associated with Unconditional positive regard

and Group therapy?

A

carl rogers

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39
Q

what have we learned about development?

A

a child is not a miniature adult

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40
Q

Functionalism builds on concepts proposed by
________ and is associated with the psychologist
_________.

A

Darwin; James

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41
Q

The school of psychology that emphasized that
perception goes beyond the parts that our senses
detect and makes us ‘see’ wholes that are not really
there is known as _____________.

A

gestalt

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42
Q

Plato is to _____________ as Aristotle is to

____________.

A

Descartes; Locke

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43
Q

what did Fritsch and Hitzig do?

A

Electrically stimulated the brains of dogs.

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44
Q

Although Gall and Spurzheim’s approach was

incorrect, their work was important because it….

A

gave credence to the idea of localization of

brain function.

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45
Q

what is a stressor?

A

An event that triggers a stress response

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46
Q

what are the 3 aspects of stress?

A

stress–>stimulus–>response

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47
Q

what are the two classes of stress of a stimulus?

A

systemic and processive

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48
Q

what class of stress is a bear sighting?

A

systemic

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49
Q

what class of stress is money troubles?

A

processive

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50
Q

what is primary appraisal?

A

assessment of meaning of event

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51
Q

what is secondary appraisal?

A

self-assessment of available resources

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52
Q

what are the three major ways to cope?

A

problem focused, emotion focused, seeking social support

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53
Q

what are the two “best” ways of coping?

A

social support, problem focused

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54
Q

what is problem focused coping?

A

Planning active coping and problem-solving, suppressing, exercising restraint

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55
Q

what is emotion focused coping?

A

acceptance, denial, escape-avoidance, wishful thinking

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56
Q

what is social support coping?

A

help and guidance, emotional support

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57
Q

It is important to stick to one coping skill that works for you, true or false?

A

false, It is important to have a range of coping skills

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58
Q

coping style differs by culture, true or false?

A

true

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59
Q

what are some techniques for managing stress?

A

Cognitive approaches, Self-instructional training, Relaxation training, Meditation/mindfulness, Managing healthy lifestyle

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60
Q

what decade was the switch from focusing on illness management/treatment to focusing on illness prevention?

A

1960-1970

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61
Q

what are the goals of health psychology?

A

increase health, Promoting behaviours and decreasing health, Compromising behaviours

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62
Q

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination are stages of what coping model?

A

transtheoretical model

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63
Q

what is the goal of motivational interviewing?

A

to lead people to their own conclusions and motivation for behaviour change

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64
Q

what struggle can use cognitive-behavioural interventions combined with increasing health-promoting behaviour to cope?

A

weight loss

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65
Q

what is cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on behavior.

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66
Q

high _____ and _____ costs are associated with substance abuse

A

economic, social

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67
Q

why do relapses tend to happen?

A

Triggers, such as – stress, conflict, social pressure, cues

68
Q

a health psychologist can help with treating stress, anxiety, or mood disorders which are contributing to exacerbation of medical symptoms, to simply assisting patients struggling to make lifestyle changes (e.g., smoking cessation, exercise). true or false?

A

true

69
Q

what is the general adaption syndrome in relation to stress and what are the three stages?

A

Generalized, universal response to stress
• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion

70
Q

what is the psychosomatic theory? (stress)

A

Idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of illness

71
Q

immunity can either be _____ or ______

A

acquired, natural

72
Q

how does stress affect depression when combined?

A

a Stressful life event often precedes depressive episode

73
Q

how does stress affect post-traumatic stress disorder when combined?

A

Disorder directly tied to extremely stressful incident

74
Q

the ____ model Proposes that is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a “disease”

A

medical

75
Q

Three criteria for discerning behaviour as disordered are…. (3 D’s)

A

deviant, distressing, dysfunctional

76
Q

Culture influences how disorders are expressed and diagnosed, true or false?

A

true

77
Q

what is a common example of a culture-specific disorder?

A

anorexia

78
Q

What does the DSM stand for?

A

the diagnosis and statistical manual of mental disorders

79
Q

who was the DSM developed by?

A

the American Psychiatric Association

80
Q

what is the most obvious change that was made in the DSM-IV?

A

no longer has “axis” structure

81
Q

the DSM defines disorders, provides a set of interrelated symptoms, and suggests treatment. true or false?

A

false, the DSM does not suggest treatment

82
Q

what is the difference between categorical and dimensional classification of disorders?

A

Categorical can fit into a category or not,

Dimensional considers severity along certain dimensions of a disorder

83
Q

the DSM-IV is controversial because it “medicalizes” ______ behaviour

A

normal

84
Q

it is normal to feel anxious, but when is anxiety a problem?

A

When it makes the decisions for you, interferes with your life and/or causes significant distress

85
Q

what are the 4 types of symptoms that can be associated with an anxiety disorder?

A

emotional, physiological, behavioural, and cognitive

86
Q

what is an example of an emotional symptom for anxiety?

A

Feelings of tension

87
Q

what is an example of an cognitive symptom for anxiety?

A

Worry, think it is going to happen more often than it actually does (ex. Plane crashing). Also, overestimate how bad it is going to be (worst case scenario)

88
Q

what is an example of an physiological symptom for anxiety?

A

having fight or flight response when there is no actual danger

89
Q

what is an example of an behavioural symptom for anxiety?

A

avoidance of feared situations

90
Q

generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women than men, true or false?

A

true

91
Q

what is the definition of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

a pervasive and excessive state of anxiety lasting at least six months

92
Q

what is the difference between a panic attack and a panic disorder?

A

a Panic attack is an Intense fear or discomfort (Often unpredictable, but some are cued), while a Panic disorder
includes recurrent unexpected panic attacks (plus concern about future attacks)

93
Q

what is the definition of Agoraphobia, which is it’s own disorder in the DSM-IV?

A

fear of being in places where escape is not possible if panic occurred

94
Q

onset of panic disorder is typically……?

A

usually during late adolescence, early adulthood

95
Q

what distinguishes a specific phobia from a normal fear?

A

intense reaction (panic attack), Avoidance

96
Q

what is social anxiety disorder and how does it affect a person’s behaviour?

A

Pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others, Marked by severe self-consciousness about appearance or behaviour or both

97
Q

what are some symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder?

A

Increased arousal, irritability, difficulty sleeping, or exaggerated startle response

98
Q

an unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person’s mind and causes distress is known as a(n)_____

A

obsession

99
Q

a _______ is a repetitive behaviour performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic set of rules

A

compulsive

100
Q

dysthymia has it’s own category in the DSM-IV, true or false?

A

false, dysthymia now falls under the category of persistent depressive disorder

101
Q

what is dysthymia?

A

continuous long-term (chronic) form of depression

102
Q

what is necessary to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

A

Period of at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure plus 4 other symptoms
Must cause change from previous functioning
No mania or hypomania

103
Q

what is mania?

A

mania is a mood disorder in which people feel incredibly excited, hyperactive, and overly optimistic

104
Q

depressive disorders are 2x more likely to be seen in which gender?

A

female

105
Q

onset of men and onset of women for depression?

A

men=40s, women=20s

106
Q

what are the causes of depression?

A 
Combination of brain chemistry and life circumstance,
Diathesis-stress model 
biological model
cognitive model
behavioural model
107
Q

what does the Diathesis-Stress Theory state?

A

psychological disorders develop due to a combination of genetic vulnerability and risk factors in the environment.

108
Q

the biological model states that personality traits for those with depression include:

A

high avoidant and low reward-oriented

109
Q

the biological model says that people with depression have ____ active neurotransmitters

A

Underactive neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

110
Q

depression is more likely to be shared in concordance twins than in fraternal twins, true or false? (biological model)

A

true

111
Q

what is the cognitive model in relation to causes of depression?

A

those with depression usually have increase negative thoughts, increase negative emotions/related symptoms of depression

112
Q

what are the categories of mania? (DIGFAST)

A

distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, flight of ideas, activity increased, sleep (decreased need for), talkativeness

113
Q

name some causes of bipolar disorder

A

Fetal exposure to alcohol, Genetic component (Twin studies: 40-70% concordance rate), Brain abnormalities, Neurochemistry, Stress and trauma

114
Q

what does the neurochemistry of someone who has bipolar disorder look like?

A

Low serotonin coupled with high norepinephrine (in mania)

115
Q

psychosis is more rare than schizophrenia, true or false?

A

false, schizophrenia=1/100, psychosis=3/100

116
Q

what is psychosis?

A

a process whereby the senses are distorted, making it difficult for the person to distinguish between what is real and unreal

117
Q

what is a psychotic disorder?

A

A serious disturbance in an individual’s reality testing; Affects a person’s ability to think, perceive and act

118
Q

“positive” symptoms of a psychotic disorder may include:

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Disorganized and bizarre behaviour
119
Q

what are some changes in perception that an individual struggling with a psychosis disorder may have?

A

A person may hear, see, smell, taste, or feel something that is not actually there (hallucinations, such as hearing voices)
Things may taste or smell as if they are “bad” or even poisoned

120
Q

what are some changes in thinking that an individual struggling with a psychosis disorder may have?

A
  • Everyday thoughts become confused or don’t join up properly
  • Sentences are unclear or don’t make sense
121
Q

It is common for someone experiencing ______ to hold false beliefs

A

psychosis

122
Q

what can cause psychosis?

A

structural abnormalities, adolescent abnormalities in brain development, dopamine hypothesis, glutamate deficiency

123
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis (in relation to causes of psychosis)?

A

overactivity of DOPAMINE system in regions for emotional expression, motivation, and cognitive function

124
Q

Up to 60% of individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) misuse and/or abuse substances, true or false?

A

true

125
Q

Risk of psychosis increases about 40% in individuals who have ever used cannabis, true or false?

A

true, stay away from da kush brah

126
Q

when is the typical onset of personality disorders?

A

in adolescence or early adulthood

127
Q

how many different types of personality disorders are there?

A

10

128
Q

identify the 3 clusters of personality disorders.

A
  • A: Odd & eccentric
  • B: Dramatic & emotional
  • C: Anxious & fearful
129
Q

what are symptoms for cluster A of personality disorders? (odd and eccentric)

A

Schizoid, Schizotypal, paranoid: lack of interest in social relationships, inappropriate or flat emotion, thought and coldness

130
Q

what are symptoms for cluster B of personality disorders? (dramatic and emotional)

A

Histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial: wild, exaggerated behaviours, extreme need for attention, suicidal, seductive, unstable relationships, shifting moods

131
Q

what are symptoms for cluster C of personality disorders? (anxious and fearful)

A

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive: anxious and worrying, sense of inadequacy, fear of being criticized, nervousness, avoids social interaction

132
Q

what is borderline personality disorder?

A

 A condition marked by instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
 Often have intense fear of abandonment and instability in relationships
 Often engage in self-destructive behaviours

133
Q

people with borderline personality disorder tend to overreact to stress, as they experience chronic difficulties with _______________

A

regulating their emotions

134
Q

which personality disorder may result in uncontrolled “emotional cascades”?

A

borderline

135
Q

what are characteristics of an individual with antisocial -personality disorder?

A 
o	Impulsive
o	Manipulative
o	Ruthless behaviour
o	Callous
o	Often engage in criminal behaviour
136
Q

women are more likely to have antisocial personality disorder than are men, true or false?

A

false, men are more likely

137
Q

childhood disorders are known as _____________disorders in DSM 5

A

neurodevelopment

138
Q

what specific two childhood disorders did we focus on?

A

ADHD and autism spectrum disorder

139
Q

ADHD occurs more often in males or females?

A

males

140
Q

ADHD is strictly a childhood disorder, true or false?

A

false, it can continue into adulthood

141
Q

ADHD often can interfere with…..

A

Interferes with education, occupation, relationships

142
Q

what are the 3 main components of ADHD?

A
  • Inattention
  • Hyperactivity
  • Impulsivity
143
Q

ADHD in girls may go unrecognized and unreported, true or false?

A

true

144
Q

____ with ADHD may be more likely to display inattentive/disorganized symptoms

A

girls

145
Q

DSM criteria (cutoffs and symptoms) may be more appropriate to girls than boys, true or false?

A

false, more appropriate to boys

146
Q

ADHD is not genetic, true or false?

A

false, it is

147
Q

____ is a myth commonly believed to be the cause of hyperactivity in ADHD

A

sugar

148
Q

The role of diet, allergy, and lead as primary causes of ADHD is moderate, true or false?

A

false, it is minimal to nonexistent

149
Q

what are the main features of autism spectrum disorder?

A
  • Impaired social communications and interactions

* Repetitive behaviours and restricted interests

150
Q

ASD is 4-5 X more common in boys than in girls, true or false?

A

true

151
Q

what are known causes of ASD?

A
  • Problems in early development
  • Genetic influences
  • Brain abnormalities
152
Q

Children with_________ experience more health problems during pregnancy, at birth, or immediately following birth

A

ASD

153
Q

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has discovered that there is a relationship between MMR vaccine and autism, true or false?

A

false, there is no relationship

154
Q

are concordance rates higher in fraternal twins or identical twins for ASD?

A

identical twins

155
Q

Behavioral features of _____ may result from abnormalities in brain structures and functioning consistent with early disturbance in neural development

A

ASD

156
Q

drugs are used to treat symptoms of psychological disorders, not cure. true or false?

A

true

157
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a common treatment for _______ and _____

A

depression, anxiety

158
Q

lithium is a drug treatment for _______

A

bipolar disorder (treats mania)

159
Q

Traditional antipsychotics is a common drug treatment for _____

A

schizophrenia

160
Q

which drug treatment has a side effect of tardive dyskinesia?

A

traditional antipsychotics for schizophrenia

161
Q

_______ is an early treatment for psychosis thought to disengage disruptive thought

A

psychosurgery

162
Q

what is the danger of psychosurgery?

A

danger of leading to a vegetative state

163
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which can create some permanent memory loss, is a treatment for which disorder?

A

severe depression

164
Q

what is Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, a treatment of severe depression and some symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity

165
Q

which neurologist discovered Broadmann’s Area 25,a neural switch for depression?

A

Helen Mayberg

166
Q

drug compliance is often an issue for people with ________

A

schizophrenia

psych final (1 decks)

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