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Weimar Republic - 1919 > Weimar Republic > Flashcards

Weimar Republic Flashcards

1
Q

when was the great depression?

A

October 1929

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2
Q

what caused the great depression?

A
  • the economic downturn on the American stock market
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3
Q

why did the great depression affect DE?

A

the US called in loans at very short notice

DE relied on these loans (Dawes Plan)

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4
Q

how did unemployment rise between 1929 to 1930?

A

it rose from 1.4 million to over 2 million

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5
Q

what was the impact of unemployment?

A

it raised government expenditure on unemployment insurance

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6
Q

how did the great depression affect democracy?

A

Germans began to lose faith and looked to extreme parties for quick and simple solutions

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7
Q

why did Hermann Muller resign in 1930?

A

his government could not agree how to tackle the rise in government expenditure caused by unemployment

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8
Q

who replaced Hermann Muller?

A

Heinrich Bruning whose policies were ineffective in dealing with the unemployment crisis

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9
Q

what happened to government spending in July 1930?

A

Bruning cut expenditure, wages and unemployment pay which lead to a spiral of decline in unemployment

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10
Q

why was Article 48 used by Bruning?

A

he could not get the Reichstag to agree to his actions so President Hindenburg passed the laws, this undermined democracy

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11
Q

how many seats did the parties of the Weimar Republic receive in 1932?

A

319 out of 608

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12
Q

who feared the communists the most?

A

the middle classes and the rich

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13
Q

what was the situation of the communist party during the Weimar Republic?

A

it was seen as the “leading party”, had a solid electoral performance (usually 10% of the vote)`

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14
Q

what was Joseph Goebbels’ role in the Nazi party?

A

he was the propaganda organiser who understood how to use mass media and manipulate huge audiences
- he used his Ministry of Public Propaganda and the Reich Chamber of Culture

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15
Q

how did the Nazis try to appeal to the different sections of the population?

A

they blamed the Weimar Republic for the economic crisis and the weak coalition governments

  • the Nazis could unite Germany
  • farmers
  • military
  • pensions
  • treaty of Versailles
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16
Q

how did Hitler blame the Jews?

A
  • they were part of communism and capitalism
  • caused unemployment
  • conspired the defeat of WW1
  • conspiring a revolution on Germany
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17
Q

describe the role of the Edelweiss Piraten

A
  • against Hitler’s specific, strict rules
  • beat up the Hitler Youth
  • wrote Anti-Nazi slogans
  • killed the Gestapo Chief in 1944
  • 1944, 12 hung
  • 1942, 700 members arrested
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18
Q

describe the role of the Weiss Rose

A
  • formed by Uni students
  • produced anti-Nazi leaflets
  • the leaders Hans and Sofie Scholl were arrested and sentenced to the guillotine
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19
Q

describe the role of the Swing Youth

A
  • took part in anti-Nazi activities

- listened to swing music, which was hated by the Nazi government

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19
Q

describe the role of the Swing Youth

A
  • took part in anti-Nazi activities
  • listened to swing music, which was hated by the Nazi government
  • girl wore lots of makeup and boys grew their hair long
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20
Q

describe the role of the Protestant Church

A
  • Pastor Niemoller opposed Nazi control and followed traditonal German Protestantism
  • Niemoller made the PEL
  • he was arrested in 1937 and put in prison/KZ until 1945
  • many pastors left after persecution from Nazis
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21
Q

describe the role of the Catholic Church

A
  • owed allegiance to the Pope
  • the youth organisations were against Hitler’s
  • supported the Centre Party
  • they signed a concordant in July 1933, which agreed no interference but that was broken by Hitler
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22
Q

describe the role of the army

A
  • Hitler removed 16 criticising generals in 1938

- they tried to assassinate Hitler with a bomb

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23
Q

describe the role of assassination attempts

A
  • 42 attempts but none were successful
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24
Q

how was newspaper propaganda used?

A
  • non Nazi newspapers and magazines were closed down.
  • 1935, 1600 newspapers/magazines closed down
  • editors were told what could be printed and foreign news was taken from Nazi agencies
  • Oct 1993, Reich Press Law (no Jew/left-wing journalists)
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25
Q

how was rally propaganda used?

A
  • held annually to show the power of the Nazi state

- the Nuremberg rallies would last for several days and attracted almost one million people each year

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26
Q

how was poster propaganda used?

A
  • they were seen everywhere
  • they were simple and direct
  • they targeted the young
27
Q

how was literature propaganda used?

A
  • heavily censored to convey a Nazi message
  • Berlin students burnt 20,000 books
  • writers were forced to write Nazi focused books`
28
Q

how was radio propaganda used?

A
  • under Nazi control
  • 1939, 70% of DE has a radio
  • hard to listen to foreign broadcasters
29
Q

how was film propaganda used?

A
  • films were very popular
  • Goebbels oversaw the plots
  • 45 minute news reel that glorified German history
  • anti-Semitic films
30
Q

how was art/architecture propaganda used?

A
  • art that highlighted DE’s pre greatness
  • women, peasants and workers portrayed as glorious and noble
  • sculptures needed Nazi ideals
  • Greek style of building as Jews had not “contaminated” it
31
Q

how was sport propaganda used?

A
  • 1936 Olympics
  • DE could show its strength and superiority (110,000 spectators)
  • news reports were well controlled
32
Q

what was religion like in Germany?

A
  • 1/3 were Catholic
  • 2/3 were Protestant
  • the German Faith Movement was encouraged but not very effective (only 5% joined)
33
Q

what did judges have to wear from 1936?

A

the swastika and Nazi eagle on their robes

34
Q

what was the German Lawyers Front in 1933?

A
  • had over 10,000 members

- “strive as German juries to follow Hitler to the end of our days”

35
Q

what did the NRSB mean?

A
  • Nazi views were upheld in the courts
  • all judges were a part of it
  • if you displeased Hitler, you were removed and could not be a judge
36
Q

describe the People’s Court in 1934

A
  • tried cases of treason as trials by jury were abolished
  • loyal Nazi judges
  • Hitler would sometimes alter the sentences if they were too “soft”
37
Q

describe the role of the Schutzstaffel

A
  • run by Heimlich Himmler
  • became Nazi private police in 1933
  • worked above the law
  • defended Hitler and regulated the party
38
Q

describe the role of the Sicherheinstdienst

A
  • intelligence body
  • monitor Nazi opponents
  • kept records of potential enemies
39
Q

describe the role of the Gestapo

A
  • secret state police made in 1933
  • 1936, run by Himmler
  • power to torture suspects
  • use of the fear of being told on
  • identified any opponents
40
Q

describe the role of concentration camps

A
  • 1st opened in Dachau 1933
  • more space for “prisoners”
  • for political prisoners e.g writers
  • for minority groups e.g Jews or gypsies
  • for “undesirables” e.g prostitutes
41
Q

what does a police state mean?

A

the police control what people did, and if you didn’t comply you were punished

42
Q

what does totalitarian government mean?

A

the government controls all aspects of public life

43
Q

when was the Reichstag fire?

A

27th February 1933

44
Q

explain the importance of the Reichstag fire

A
  • 27 February - 5 March 1933
  • Hitler and Goebbels could exploit this event
  • they framed van der Lubbe
  • made Hindenburg sign a decree that the Nazis could imprison a mass of opponents
  • helped to increase their votes from 33% to 44%
45
Q

explain the importance of the Enabling Act

A
  • absolute power to make laws which allowed him to destroy all opposition (removing the Reichstag)
  • passed in March 1933
46
Q

what did Hitler do to other parties and trade unions?

A
  • he banned them in May 1933
  • without trade unions, people could not unite to protest
  • removing political parties removed democracy
47
Q

describe the build-up to the Night of the Long Knives

A
  • 30 June 1934
  • the army feared the SA but if the SA were gone, the army would offer Hitler their support
  • Rohm, Ernst and Hennes were shot
  • von Schleicher was murdered
48
Q

explain the importance of the Night of the Long Knives

A

it destroyed all opposition to Hitler and gave him the army’s support

49
Q

when did President Hindenburg die?

A

August 1934

50
Q

what was the impact of Hindenburg’s death?

A

Hitler declared himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army

51
Q

what was the oath of loyalty?

A

members of the armed forces had to swear allegiance to Hitler not Germany - gave the SS power, showed tyranny and internal opposition

52
Q

describe the nature of Hitler’s role as Führer

A

Hitler had absolute power over Germany and neutralised any sources of opposition

53
Q

what was the “Backstairs Intrigue”

A

the secret discussions by Weimar politicians that led to Hitler being asked to be Chancellor
- Papen asked Hindenburg to let Hitler be chancellor

54
Q

describe the role of President Hindenburg

A

powerful and could pass laws

55
Q

describe the role of Brüning

A
  • wanted to increase taxes
  • cut civil servants’ pay
  • resigned in 1932
  • lost support of the unemployed
56
Q

describe the role of von Papen

A
  • Papen suggested abolishing the Weimar government and lost the support of Hindenburg
  • assumed Hitler could be dominated
57
Q

describe the role of von Schleicher

A

resigned as Chancellor in 1932

had plans to bring political parties together which was against Hitler

58
Q

what were some political developments in 1932?

A

November 1932 - Nazis had 33.1 % of the vote (196 seats)

July 1932 - 37.4% of the vote (230 seats)

59
Q

what happened in April 1932 in the presidential election?

A

Hindenburg had 53% of the vote and Hitler had 36.8%

60
Q

what happened in May 1932 to the chancellor?

A

Bruning resigned as chancellor and Franz von Papen (conservative) replaced him

61
Q

what happened in July 1932 in the Reichstag elections?

A

the Nazi became the largest party with 230 seats. Hitler demanded to be Chancellor but Papen remained

62
Q

what happened in November 1932 in parliament?

A

von Papen called a Reichstag election to win a majority in parliament. The Nazis lost 34 seats but still had 196 seats

63
Q

what happened in December 1932?

A

Franz von Papen resigned. Kurt von Schleicher became the Chancellor

64
Q

what happened in January 1933 with Hitler?

A

Von Papen and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor - they believed they could control Hitler

65
Q

why did Hindenburg ask Hitler to become Chancellor?

A

von Papen lost 2 elections and von Schleicher could not get other parties to work with him and was sacked because some thought he would give communists power

Weimar Republic - 1919 (1 decks)

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