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Weimar & Nazi Germany 1918-1939 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the First World War end?

A

November 1918

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2
Q

Who was the Kaiser at the end of the war?

A

Wilhelm II

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3
Q

Which left wing party took over to try and stop the country being taken over by extremists?

A

SPD

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3
Q

Who were described as the ‘November Criminals’ and why?

A

POLITICIANS WHO HAD SIGNED THE ARMISTICE, WHEN IT WAS REALISED GERMANY HAD LOST THE WAR AND TERRIBLE TERMS OF PEACE TREATY AGREED PEOPLE WANTED TO BLAME SOMEONE.

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3
Q

What was the first act of the new republic and why had the politicians agreed to it?

A

ARMISTICE – ON ADVICE OF GERMAN GENERALS – GERMANY COULD NOT WIN THE WAR AND THEY DID NOT WANT TO BE SEEN AS A DEFEATED ARMY OR THE GENERALS LOSE THEIR INFLUENCE.

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4
Q

What do you understand by the term ‘The German Revolution’?

A

THE CHANGE FROM GERMANY BEING A MONARCHY LED BY A STRONG KING TO BECOMING A REPUBLIC

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4
Q

Who was the First president of the Weimar Republic?

A

EBERT

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5
Q

How did people view the new republic?

A

SOME WITH HOPE BUT MANY AGAINST IT.

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5
Q

What was the stab in the back myth?

A

BELIEF THAT GERMAN ARMY COULD HAVE WON THE WAR, MYTH SUPPORTED BY GERMAN GENERALS WHO SAID THE NEW REPUBLIC’S POLITICIANS BETRAYED THEM

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6
Q

What did ‘Article 48’ of the Constitution allow?

A

President could use special powers in an emergency to suspend democracy ie not have an instruction(decree) agreed by Parliament/could ignore Reichstag

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6
Q

How often were elections held for:
a) the Reichstag?
b) President

A

a) the Reichstag - Every 4 years.
b) President - Every 7 years.

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6
Q

What do you understand by these terms:
a) Reichstag
b) proportional representation
c)Coalition government

A

a) Reichstag - German Parliament

b) proportional representation - Seats in parliament allocated for so many votes (60,000)

c) Coalition government - Different political parties working together to form a government

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7
Q

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Peace treaty signed between Germany and the Allies (Big Three-France, Britain, USA (4with Italy).

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8
Q

Why was the Treaty of Versailles called the ‘Diktat’?

A

Germany forced to sign it ‘dictated peace’ – there had been no negotiations.

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9
Q

Why did the German representatives have to sign the treaty?

A

Otherwise allies would start war and/or continue a naval blockade to stop supplies reaching Germany.

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10
Q

What was the ‘War Guilt Clause’?

A

Term of the Treaty which said Germany was to blame for starting the war and so had to accept full responsibility and pay compensation to Allies.

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11
Q

What does the term ‘reparations’ mean?

A

Compensation for war damage.

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12
Q

What was the amount of reparations finally decided and when was it agreed?

A

1921 £6,600 million.

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12
Q

What did France gain from the Treaty?

A

Regained control of Alsace-Lorraine & reparations.

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13
Q

Give 4 reasons why the German people hated the Treaty of Versailles. –STATE REASON ONLY.

A

TERRITORIAL TERMS (L) MILITARY TERMS (A); REPARATIONS (M); WAR GUILT (B);

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14
Q

What was the Spartacist Revolt? Give main points: date, left or right wing, key events, why it failed

A

JANUARY 1919, COMMUNISTS ATTEMPT TO SEIZE POWER (EXTREME LEFT WING), SEIZED CONTROL OF IMPORTANT BUILDINGS EG NEWSPAPER & RAILWAY OFFICES, EBERT’S GOVERNMENT HAD TO ASK FREIKORPS FOR HELP TO STOP REBELLION WHICH THEY DID VIOLENTLY MURDERING LEADERS – LUXEMBURG & LIEBKNECHT.

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14
Q

How did moderate political parties do in the Reichstag elections of 1920 and what problem did it cause?

A

ONLY 45% OF SEATS SO FOUND IT DIFFICULT TO FORM A COALITION GOVERNMENT WHICH MADE IT HARD TO GET LAWS PASSED.

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14
Q

Why did the Communist Party refuse to support (ie join a coalition) with the Social Democrats after the Spartacist Rebellion and why was this a problem?

A
  • BECAUSE EBERT HAD USED FREIKORPS AGAINST COMMUNISTS;
  • SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (SPD) NEEDED SUPPORT IN A COALITION BUT THIS OTHER LEFT WING PARTY WHICH SHOULD HAVE SUPPORTED & HELPED THEM GOVERN BUT REFUSED TO SUPPORT IT – THIS MADE THE GOVERNMENT WEAK AGAINST RIGHT WING GROUPS
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14
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch? Give main points: date, left or right wing, key events, why it failed, what happened after.

A

MARCH 1920 EXTREME RIGHT WING WOLFGANG KAPP LED FREIKORPS UNITS AND MARCHED ON BERLIN FORCING GOVERNMENT TO FLEE; BERLIN WORKERS WENT ON STRIKE AS A PROTEST AGAINST THIS RIGHT WING ATTEMPT TO SEIZE POWER; KAPP COULD NOT RULE WITHOUT WORKERS SO FLED AND GOVERNMENT RETURNED; NO-ONE WAS PUNISHED FOR UPRISING.

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15
Q

Who were the Freikorps and what did they think of the Republic?

A

EX-SOLDIERS WITH EXTREME RIGHT-WING VIEWS; HATED COMMUNISM; HATED REPUBLIC FOR SIGNING ARMISTICE THEN TREATY OF VERSAILLES WHICH MADE GERMANY WEAK

16
Q

Why was there an economic crisis in 1923?

A

|*| GERMANY DID NOT PAY REPARATION PAYMENT – paid first installment in gold & industrial goods but could not pay 2nd

|*| TROOPS INVADE & OCCUPY THE RUHR – Jan 1923 French and Belgian troops invade the Ruhr the richest industrial region to seize goods as payment.

|*| PASSIVE RESISTANCE INTRODUCED IN RUHR - German government told workers not to work for the French – Passive Resistance, French expelled 150,000 workers from Ruhr

|*| INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION STOPS - Germany had no access to the 80% of Germany’s industrial reserves eg coal, iron & steel

|*| GOVERNMENT PRINTS MORE MONEY AND IT BECOMES WORTHLESS – shortages lead to inflation and government-needed money so prints more money

|*| HYPERINFLATION - CAUSED SERIOUS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS FOR EVERYONE – people on fixed income, pension or with savings lose money; problems buying goods as prices rise during the day;

17
Q

The economic crisis affected the middle classes in Germany worse than other groups – why?

A
  • middle classes had businesses, savings, and income from pensions & investments
  • hyperinflation resulted in savings, pensions, and other fixed incomes becoming worthless
  • normal business and trade were impossible so many businesses closed down
17
Q

Why was the Republic seen as weak?

A
  • revolts from extremist groups (Spartacists & Kapp)
  • French invaded and there was no armed resistance from Germany
18
Q

Why was the lack of support from the middle classes a concern for the future of the Republic?

A
  • middle class groups should have been the strongest supporters of a democratic state
  • if democracy was threatened these groups should defend it
  • because so many were critical of it loyalty not guaranteed in the future if democracy threatened.
19
Q

How did the attitudes towards the Republic impact on extremist parties?

A

increased support for their views both left and right wing.

20
Q

What 2 government positions did Gustav Stresemann hold?

A

CHANCELLOR AND FOREIGN MINISTER

20
Q

What 3 ECONOMIC problems needed solving and how did they solve them?

A
  • MONEY BEING WORTHLESS - HYPERINFLATION = NEW CURRENCY ‘rentenmark’ temporary to stabilize currency then Reichsmark.
  • FRENCH IN RUHR SO NO INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION = PROMISED TO PAY REPARATIONS SO FRENCH LEFT

-GERMANY NEEDS TO REBUILD HER ECONOMY = DAWES PLAN (1924), YOUNG PLAN (1929)

21
Q

What were the main points of the Dawes Plan of 1924?

A
  • REORGANISED REPARATION PAYMENTS TO $50MILLION FOR A TEMPORARY PERIOD
  • US BANKS WOULD MAKE LOANS TO GERMAN INDUSTRY
22
Q

What vulnerability did the Dawes Plan create for Germany?

A
  • RELIED ON USA – IF USA HAD ECONOMIC PROBLEMS THEN SO WOULD GERMANY
23
Q

What were the main points of the Young Plan of 1929?

A
  • Lowered reparations to £2 billion.
  • Lengthened time to pay.
24
Q

Which countries signed the Locarno Pacts (1925) and what did they agree?

A
  • Germany, Britain, France, Belgium and Italy.
  • Accepted Western borders and would not invade each other.
25
Q

What was the main term of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

63 countries would not use war to achieve a foreign policy aim.

25
Q

Extremist parties hated the economic & foreign policies as they believed they made Germany look weak. What specifically did they hate?

A
  • ECONOMIC POLICIES – anger at reparations still being paid, hated relying on USA loans
  • FOREIGN POLICIES – hated confirming land terms of Versailles, anger at giving into French in Ruhr.
26
Q

Who was Hitler?

A
  • leader of the Nazi Party
  • Ex-soldier in German army so understood soldiers’ views & believed ‘stab in the back’ myth
27
Q

Who were the NSDAP?

A
  • NSDAP means NAZI party – (if you see this on a poster then it is referring to the Nazis!)
  • Nazis are extreme right wing.
28
Q

Who were the brownshirts?

A
  • paramilitary (like an army) group of Nazis called the SA and led by Rohm
29
Q

How did you know someone supported the Nazis?

A
  • swastika symbol & one-armed salute
  • Member of SA (brownshirts)
30
Q

Give 4 details about the Munich Putsch.

A
  • 8 November 1923
  • Hitler forced leaders in Munich to support his attempt to seize power (they were in a Beer Hall)
  • the next day Hitler & SA marched through Munich but were stopped by police and the army who did not support the putsch
  • Hitler was sent to prison for 5 years but only served 9 months
31
Q

Give 3 reasons why Hitler attempted the Munich Putsch.

A
  • French invasion of the Ruhr – angered people that the army did not fight back
  • hyperinflation – angered people that money was worthless
  • Mussolini had done it in Italy
32
Q

Give 3 reasons why the Munich Putsch failed.

A
  • Hitler overestimated the support from German people
  • badly organized
  • army stayed loyal to the state government
32
Q

What were the key ideas in Hitler’s book ‘Mein Kampf’?

A

NATIONALISM, ANTI-DEMOCRATIC, EXTREME RACISM, TRADITIONAL RIGHT-WING GERMAN FAMILY VALUES

33
Q

How did Hitler reorganise the party after release from prison?

A
  • determined to get voted in
  • different sections of the party responsible for different things eg publicity, education
  • got support = money from wealthy businessmen who were worried about communists eg Bosch
  • set up SS black-shirted bodyguard
34
Q

Why are the years between 1924-1929 called ‘lean years’ for the Nazis (NSDAP)?

A
  • not very popular
  • not many votes so few seats in Reichstag
  • not a large party membership
35
Q

Why between 1924-1929 were the Germany people not willing to vote for extremist parties like the Nazis?

A
  • generally content ie Stresemann’s policies made life better for most Germans
  • economic policy ended hyperinflation, increased employment and many people were better off
  • foreign policy – Germany more respected internationally eg joined League of Nations
  • Hindenburg as President reassured people – respected war hero so people stayed loyal to moderate parties
36
Q

How did Wall Street Crash affect Germany?

A

America wanted the money back that USA had loaned to Germany after the 1923 economic crisis

36
Q

What did the Wall Street Crash cause?

A

an economic problem in USA

37
Q

How were Germany and the German people affected?

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT

A
  • businesses closed down
  • people lost jobs (unemployed)
  • higher taxes
  • homelessness, theft/violence
38
Q

Why was the economic crisis so bad for the Weimar Republic?

POLITICAL IMPACT

A
  • government could not find an answer to the problem because it was such a difficult situation
  • people wanted help but government did not know what to do
  • people lost faith in democracy
39
Q

How did the government pass laws and why was this not good for democracy?

POLITICAL IMPACT

A
  • President issued emergency decrees
  • Chancellor was not consulting elected Reichstag
40
Q

Which political parties did well out of the economic crisis and who voted for them and why?

POLITICAL IMPACT

A
  • Communists – extreme left wing – workers – unemployment/falling wages
  • Nazis – extreme right wing – middle & upper classes – fear of communism/nazis would protect them from communists
41
Q

Why did people vote for Hitler and the Nazis after 1929?

A
  • ECONOMIC CRISIS/UNEMPLOYMENT/FAILURE OF GOVERNMENT
  • APPEAL OF HITLER AND NAZIS /FEAR OF COMMUNISM
  • PROPAGANDA/CAMPAIGN/TACTICS
  • WORK OF SA
42
Q

When did Hitler become Chancellor?

A

30 JANUARY 1933

43
Q

Who appointed Hitler Chancellor?

A

PRESIDENT HINDENBURG

44
Q

Why was Hitler considered for the position of Chancellor?

A

Nazi Party had many seats in Reichstag (Parliament) so could get laws passed.

45
Q

Give 3 reasons why Hitler was appointed Chancellor.

A
  • fear of communism – increased votes for Nazi Party
  • seats in Reichstag – 1932 230 Nazi seats
  • role of Hindenburg and politicians – believed they could use Hitler & Nazis to get laws passed
46
Q

Describe the political situation which influenced Hitler being chosen as Chancellor.

A
  • 1932 - Chancellors could not get laws passed.
  • President having to use article 41 - emergency decree.
  • Hindenburg did not want to appoint Hitler as Chancellor as he thought the Nazis were too violent.
  • He appointed Von Papen and then Von Schleicher but they could not get laws passed.
  • Von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor.
  • Von Papen believed they could control and use Hitler and the Nazi Party to get laws passed.

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