Weight management

Question 1

Describe the current epidemic of overweight and obesity in Australia and globally and the health
risks associated with excess weight.

Answer 1

over 30 % of the worlds population is overweight or obese and in 2014-15 36% of Australians were overweight and 28% were obese.
more men then women are overweight. 26% of children and adolescents are overweight or obese. obesity is linked to cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis, decreased morbidity, restrictions on activities of daily living and loss of independence.
Also Diabetes.

Question 2

Describe factors that put people at risk for problems with obesity, distinguishing between
controllable and uncontrollable factors.

Answer 2

obesity is a complex interplay of genetics, hormones’, physiology, social influences, sleep, potential pathogens and environmental elements. Learned behaviours in the home, influences at school, in social environments, media influences.

Question 3

Discuss reliable options for determining a healthy weight and body fat percentage.

Answer 3

BMI- for majority of the population the BMI is useful for determining weight. however the limitations, dont account for water, muscle and bone mass this can cause inaccurate outcomes.
more accurate measures include;
- underwater hydrostatic weighing 
 -skinfolds 
-Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
Dual-engery X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
-Bod Pod

Question 4

Explain the effectiveness and potential pros and cons of various weight control strategies, including
exercise, diet, lifestyle modification, supplements and diet drugs, surgery, and other optio-ns.

Answer 4

weight loss requires shifting your balance so energy expenditure is more then calorie consumption.
- being mindful of your eating triggers (mindful eating). eating in
front of the TV = mindless eating and more food consumption. mindless eating = missing satiety and ignore feeling of fullness.
Dietary plans, artificial strict plans likely fail, plans that allow for some food choice in a real world setting are more likely to have successful diet.
Exercise- having more muscle mass means you burn more calories, exercise that has arms and legs in it burns more calories
Drastic measures:
very low calorie diets, 400-700 can be dangerous, significate regain is likely and there are a range of other sever reactions to it.
-weight loss supplements and over the counter drugs claim to make weight loss easier, their can be many side effects and fraud associated with it.
-surgeries such as restrictive surgeries (gastric banding) limit intake, malabsorption surgeries (gastric bypass) decrease food absorption.

Question 5

Explain trends in diabetes, describe the effect of diabetes on the body, and differentiate among
types of diabetes and their risk factors

Answer 5

characterized with high blood glucose levels in the blood, the pancreas triggers insulin when the glucose engerys the bloodstream and carrys in to be used for immediate energy.

Question 6

Explain how diabetes can be prevented and treated.

Answer 6

losing weight

• regular exercise
• Healthy diet, low fat dairy, nuts, whole grains, high-fibre, fatty fish

Question 7

what are some genetic impacts that put people of risk ?

Answer 7

genetics; some people are less sensitive to satiety (feeling full) more prone to eating more ghrelin (key role on metabolism , apatite and food intake
and leptin an appetite regulator, as you eat levels of leptin in the blood increase and appetite deceases
metabolism also helps determine whether you gain, maintain or lose weight, generally the younger you are the faster your metabolism.
some people also have an excessive number of fat cells. This condition, hyperplastic obesity, usually appears in early childhood and perhaps as a result of the mothers dietary habits, even before birth.

Question 8

Environmental factors that can increase risk of overweight

Answer 8

cars, remote controls, desk jobs, sedentary habits, plus a culture that eats more.

• have greater access to high-calorie foods, super-sized portions, sugary drinks
• lack of exercise 2014-15 data approx 30% of aus adults didnt meet the Aus guidelines for physical activity 150min a week

Question 9

what are some psychosocial and socioeconomic factors influence weight?

Answer 9

it unclear the connection between weight problems and emotional insecurities, need and wants. however food is a focal point of peoples lives, social ritual, companionship, celebration and enjoyment.

• Comfort food
• study found overweight people befriend other overweight people.
• family, friends, work environment and social settings create an ‘eating culture’ that even the most motivated find difficult to overcome.
• Pathogens and environmental toxins, researches have studied these and their roles in a form of infectobesity, mostly viruses and bacteria in altering intestinal flora, metabolism and insulin sensitivity. other chemicals such as paints, pesticides, floor coverings and other chemical-containing products are among possible for increasing obesety.
• some prescription drugs effect weight
• sleep deprivation, people who are sleep deprived have significant drops in leptin which plays a role in metabolism, insulin sensitivity ect.