Weeks Three And Four Material Flashcards
What is a multiple marker screening for, what does the test consist of and when is it done?
Maternal blood samples are taken between 16 and 18 weeks of gestation to screen for chromosomal abnormalities.
What is the purpose of intrapartum fetal surveillance?
To monitor the fetus for any anomalies -fetal heart
-Mothers contractions
What are some important things that estrogen is responsible for and pregnancy?
- to maintain a pregnancy
- to have the uterus grow
- to maintain the uterine lining
- to increase blood circulation
- to trigger the development of the fetus’s organs and to regulate bone density in the arms and legs of the fetus
- helps the breast to prepare for milk production
What is amniocentesis and when is it done?
When a trained professional aspirates amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac by using a needle and go through the woman’s abdomen, it is done in the second trimester around week 15 to 20(can be done around week 11 to 14 but there is the risk of fetal loss and foot deformity) in the third trimester it is used to determine fetal lung maturity.
What do you need to know about blood volume in pregnancy?
- blood volume goes up by as much as 45%
- plasma volume increases by 40 to 60% or 1200 to 1600 ML’s
- this happens to provide for the excess blood loss at childbirth
- cardiac output is increased
- lying laterally allows the heart output to be more efficient rather than lying in a supine position
What does a trans abdominal ultrasound consist of?
- it’s done in the second and third trimester
- pillow under the head knee and hip and mom should be lying slightly on her side (avoiding pressured to the vena cava and the aorta-this avoids supine hypotension) Head elevated
- Second trimester patients should drink several glasses of water prior to the procedure and the delay urination until it is complete
What does L/S ratio stand for? What does it pertain to?
Lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio,The lipoproteins that make up surfactant this is checked in the third trimester through amniocentesis..if a baby needs to be delivered before 38 weeks
What does a biophysical profile consists of?
-The nonstress test
-Fetal breathing movement
-Gross fetal movement
-Fetal tone or smaller movements like sucking or limb extension
-amniotic fluid
There is a score of 0 to 2 given for each one of these…normal or reassuring is an 8 to 10,equivocal is 6,abnormal is less than 4
What is a nonstress test?
Evaluates fetal stress during the antepartum. By observing acceleration of the fetal heart rate during movement,which indicates adequate Oxygenation(if the heart rate does not accelerate with movement fetal hypoxemia and acidosis are concerns)if this is a CST or contraction stress test or biophysical profile is necessary
Semi fowler position to prevent supine hypotension
How is a nonstress test done?
An electronic fetal monitoring device is applied to the woman’s abdomen woman may be given a remote event marker to press every time she feels movement
+noninvasive because it is only monitoring
Nonstress test is considered reactive when?
At least two fetal heart rate accelerations occur with or without fetal movement occurring at least 15 bpm above the baseline and lasting 15 seconds from baseline to baseline
What is the main protein in fetal plasma?
AFP or alpha-feto protein
How is AFP excreted into the amniotic fluid?
It moves through the fetus into Fetal urine and is then excreted into the amniotic fluid
What are the ways that AFP can be measured?
Maternal serum/ blood….and amniotic fluid
What are abnormally low concentrations of maternal serum AFP associated with?
Chromosomal anomalies such as down syndrome
What is a common reason for elevated levels of AFP in the maternal serum?
Failure of the embryonic neural tube or anterior body wall to close properly(abdominal cavities are either open or only covered by a thin layer of tissue)ex. Anencephaly or spina bifida
When is The AFP screening usually done?
Between 16 and 18 weeks of gestation
What are some roles progesterone in pregnancy?
Growth of cells of the fallopian tubes and endometrial lining to nourish the embryo,it relaxes the smooth muscle of the uterus and prevents it from contracting(prevents spontaneous abortion and rejection of the fetal tissue)simulates the development of lobules in the breast to prepare for lactation
What hormone is produced by the ovary the corpus luteum and the placenta and is used to sustain and maintain a viable pregnancy?
Progesterone
What gland produces Oxytocin?
The pituitary gland
What is the function of oxytocin?
Stimulates uterine smooth muscle causing contractions and birth and after to get the uterus back to the prepregnancy state and control bleeding and it also stimulates the let down mechanism known as the milk ejection reflex during breast-feeding
What is the synthetic form of oxytocin called?
Pitocin
What are some presumptive signs of pregnancy?
Amenorrhea, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, frequent urination, changes in the feel or appearance of the breasts, quickening movement of a fetus, abdominal enlargement
What are some probable signs of pregnancy?
Chadwicks sign, Goodelle sign, ballottement and the size shape and feeling of the uterus,
