Weeks 9 & 10 Memory Flashcards
You would do best on an exam if you could:
Select one:
a. Study at home in your room.
b. Take the exam in the same room you study in.
c. Encode the material visually.
d. Retrieve the material at home.
b. take the exam in the same room you study in.
Which one of these is NOT part of the Working Memory Model?
Select one:
a. Episodic buffer
b. Phonological loop
c. Visuo-spatial sketchpad
d. They all are.
d. they all are.
Cognitive psychologists distinguish between two kinds of interference when explaining memory failure: Select one: a. Proactive and retroactive. b. Anterograde and retrograde. c. Proactive and retrograde. d. Anterograde and retroactive.
a. proactive and retroactive
Connecting new information to material which is already known is called: Select one: a. Overlearning. b. Elaborative rehearsal. c. Chunking. d. Rote rehearsal
b. elaborative rehearsal.
Research on forgetting indicates that:
Select one:
a. There is a gradual loss of information, with the rate of loss increasing over time.
b. The pace of forgetting differs when the time period is hours rather than when it is years.
c. There is a rapid initial loss of information, and only a gradual loss thereafter.
d. All of the options listed.
c. there is a rapid initial loss of information, and only a gradual loss thereafter.
Which of the following best exemplifies chunking?
Select one:
a. Jane remembers the name of her best friend’s mother - an unusual family name - by creating a song in which she sings the syllables of the name to a familiar tune from her childhood.
b. Anna recalls important facts for an upcoming history exam by ‘hanging’ each piece of information on a ‘peg’ - in this case, a number - while visualising the fact creatively.
c. Alex is able to immediately remember four new phone numbers by recognising that each begins with a familiar exchange, and the final digits of each number represent a familiar date in history.
d. Brooke remembers her lines for a school play by memorising one speech at a time, then attaching the speech to a visual image that somehow captures the essence of what she is saying.
c. Alex is able to immediately remember four new phone numbers by recognising that each begins with a familiar exchange, and the final digits of each number represent a familiar date in history.
At a court hearing Jon is asked to give a detailed description of what he did on a Sunday two months before the hearing. When he recalls the events of the day, he is relying on his ____________.
Select one:
a. working memory
b. autobiographical memory
c. semantic memory
d. episodic memory
d. episodic memory.
Episodic memory is the memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
An inability to store and/or retrieve new information in long-term memory is characteristic of _____________
Select one:
a. retrograde amnesia
b. anterograde amnesia
c. dissociative amnesia
d. retroactive amnesia
b. anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.
Which key brain structure is often damaged in patients with amnesia?
Select one:
a. hypothalamus
b. hippocampus
c. amygdala
d. frontal lobe
b. hippocampus
Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories.
Bryan is chatting with a friend and tells the friend that the capital of China is Beijing, but in the past had been called Peking. His friend remarks that this is fascinating, and asks when Bryan learned that. Bryan thinks for a moment and then says, “I don’t really know.” The information about Beijing/Peking was likely retrieved from Bryan’s:
Select one:
a. implicit memory
b. semantic memory
c. episodic memory
d. procedural memory
b. semantic memory.
Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime.
Which of the following types of memory is NOT involved in the three-stage model of memory?
Select one:
a. Sensory memory
b. Working/short-term memory
c. Episodic memory
d. Long-term memory
c. Episodic memory
Episodic memory is the memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
Most experiments studying the serial position curve find that memory is best for ________________ of a list.
Select one:
a. the middle words
b. the last words
c. the first words
d. both the first and last words
d. both the first and last words.
This is known as the serial position effect. The tendency to recall earlier words is called the primacy effect; the tendency to recall the later words is called the recency effect. One suggested reason for the primacy effect is that the initial items presented are most effectively stored in dormant memory because of the greater amount of processing devoted to them.
Bartlett’s experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the “War of the Ghosts” story that was taken from the Native American culture illustrated the
Select one:
a. misinformation effect
b. source confusion effect
c. constructive nature of memory
d. familliarity effect
c. constructive nature of memory
A key fact about memory is that it is a constructive process in which memories are influenced by the meaning given to what is being recalled. The constructive processes are the processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.
The misinformation effect occurs when a person’s memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
Select one:
a. all of these times
b. during the event
c. after the event
d. before the event
c. after the event
Explicit memory is to ______________ as implicit memory is to ____________ .
Select one:
a. episodic; semantic
b. primacy; recency
c. self; others
d. aware; unaware
d. aware; unaware
