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Bacterial Pathogenesis > Weeks 8-10 > Flashcards

Weeks 8-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi characterization

A

Causes Lyme disease, gram - spirochete like syphilis, enzootic life cycle and segmented chromosome on 20 plasmids

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2
Q

Borrelia reservoir

A

White footed mouse and birds

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3
Q

Borrelia transmission

A

Deer tick and black-legged tick

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4
Q

Borrelia diseases

A

Lyme disease and PTLDS (Post treatment Lyme disease syndrome)

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5
Q

Lyme disease skin phase

A

Tick injects bug into skin after 3-4 days, annular ring like rash as bacteria move into skin

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6
Q

Lyme disease bloodstream phase

A

Antibodies generated, bug is cleared from blood and move into joints and nervous system

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7
Q

Lyme disease tissue phase

A

Chronic Lyme disease symptoms, arthritis, neuron damage, autoimmune response

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8
Q

Borrelia virulence

A

Gene regulation, no toxin, alters outer surface protein presentation, no LPS, resistant to innate immunity and generates autoimmunity

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9
Q

Lyme disease diagnosis

A

Early flu like symptoms, erythema migrans as rash spreads out in ring pattern, late stage inflammation months or years later

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10
Q

Borrelia testing

A

Home blood test for Borrelia antibodies

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11
Q

Lyme disease treatment/prevention

A

Antibiotics if early, risk of autoimmunity in late stages, prevent tick bites, remove ticks with tweezers, careful disposal

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12
Q

Lyme disease vaccine

A

No vaccine

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13
Q

H. pylori classification

A

Causes gastric/duodenal ulcers, present in 60% of population, gram - spirochete

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14
Q

H. pylori reservoir

A

Oral cavity

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15
Q

H. pylori transmission

A

Person to person fluids or fecal-oral

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16
Q

H. pylori diseases

A

Gastric ulcers and cancer

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17
Q

H. pylori pathogenesis

A

Enter stomach, colonize gastric mucosa, cause inflammatory response and increase PMNs, destroy mucosa and form ulcers

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18
Q

H. pylori virulence

A

Urease hydrolyzes ammonia to gas to protect vs. pH, CagA promotes gastric cancer by altering signal transduction (not cytotoxin), VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin) forms pores, NAP (neutrophil activating protein) induces immune response, LPS O-antigen identical to gastric cells causes gastric inflammation

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19
Q

H. pylori testing

A

Stool antigen test, urea breath test, blood antibody test

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20
Q

H. pylori treatment

A

Antibiotics, patient stays contagious until course is finished

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21
Q

Antibiotic discovery

A

Alexander Fleming penicillin, fungus lysed S. aureus near mold contamination

22
Q

Antibiotic production source

A

Majority made by other bacteria

23
Q

Antibiotic classifications

A

Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacteria

24
Q

Antibiotics targets

A

Bacterial processes and minimization of bacteria toxicity

25
Antibiotic distribution goal
Has to reach the infection site
26
4 major antibiotic targets
Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA replication, essential cofactors
27
Cell wall antibiotic targets
Penicillin, vancomycin inhibit Gram + synthesis, low toxicity
28
Protein synthesis antibiotic targets
Bind bacterial ribosome, kanamycin, tetracycline, azithromycin
29
DNA/RNA replication antibiotic targets
ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA polymerase, helpful for intracellular pathogens, rifampin inhibits RNA polymerase, also helpful for intracellular pathogens
30
Essential cofactor antibiotic targets
Folate is needed for DNA synthesis, not made by humans, antibiotics like trimethoprim inhibit folate synthesis and inhibit bug
31
Antibiotic resistance via stopping target aquisition
Efflux, mutations causing decrease in uptake, inactivating enzymes that degrade antibiotics like ESBL or modify them with chemical groups
32
Antibiotic resistance via modifying or bypassing target
Target modifications by changing DNAPolymerase, RNAPolymerase, and ribosome sites via methylation or chemical groups, target bypass by making site unrecognizable to antibiotic, PBP2a is not recognized by penicillin in MRSA
33
Antibiotics reborn
Old antibiotics that can be used again, penicillin resistance avoided with clavulanic acid inhibits ESBL production
34
California vaccine law
Kids need to get certain vaccines in order to be allowed to attend school, daycare, etc.
35
CA Required vaccines
HBV, MMR, Hib, DTaP, Chickenpox, Polio
36
HBV
Causes liver cancer, vaccine given at birth (surface antigen) in addition to immune globin
37
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
DTaP vaccine and Tdap boosters with toxoids
38
H. influenzae
Airborne, vaccinate with Hib conjugate vaccine
39
Polio
Fecal-oral, enters and damages CNS, vaccinate with IPV in USA and OPV in most of the world, small chance for vaccine derived polio
40
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
MMR live attenuated virus, measles causes respiratory disease, mumps causes salivary gland swelling, rubella causes rash but importantly birth defects
41
Chickenpox
Airborne and direct contact, vaccine is VAR live attenuated virus
42
Shingles
Caused by dormant varicella virus, spread by direct contact causes chickenpox, vaccine is recombinant virus
43
Pregnant women and vaccines
Live vaccines not recommended for pregnant women
44
Hepatitis A
Rarer, causes liver disease, spread fecal-oral and via fluids Vaccine is HepA inactivated virus given and immune globin offered for limited protection to travelers
45
Strep. pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections Airborne spread, PCV13 and PCV20 linked to DT
46
Flu vaccines
Flu spreads via air, vaccine options include IIV inactivated influenza vaccine, LAIV live attenuated influenza virus as well Pregnant women can only take IIV
47
HPV
Genital warts, causes cervical cancers and others, most common STD, spread by genital contact, virus is HPV surface particles and components, not live
48
Neisseria meningitides
Epidemic meningitis, leading cause of bacterial meningitis, spread via droplets, vaccinate with MenACWY conjugate vaccines and MenB subunit vaccine
49
Rotavirus
Leading cause of diarrhea with infants, spread fecal-oral Vaccine RV is 5 live rotavirus strains
50
Vaccine components
Active components, adjuvants boost immune response (aluminum), antibiotics to sterilize vials, preservatives, stabilizers allow longer shelf life, trace components of chemicals like formaldehyde
51
Vaccine classes
Subunit vaccines like DTaP are safe but no sIgA response, inactivated organisms like IPV expose many antigens, live attenuated vaccines are very strong but have safety concerns
52
New vaccine approaches
mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines

Bacterial Pathogenesis (3 decks)

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