Weeks 8-10 Flashcards
Borrelia burgdorferi characterization
Causes Lyme disease, gram - spirochete like syphilis, enzootic life cycle and segmented chromosome on 20 plasmids
Borrelia reservoir
White footed mouse and birds
Borrelia transmission
Deer tick and black-legged tick
Borrelia diseases
Lyme disease and PTLDS (Post treatment Lyme disease syndrome)
Lyme disease skin phase
Tick injects bug into skin after 3-4 days, annular ring like rash as bacteria move into skin
Lyme disease bloodstream phase
Antibodies generated, bug is cleared from blood and move into joints and nervous system
Lyme disease tissue phase
Chronic Lyme disease symptoms, arthritis, neuron damage, autoimmune response
Borrelia virulence
Gene regulation, no toxin, alters outer surface protein presentation, no LPS, resistant to innate immunity and generates autoimmunity
Lyme disease diagnosis
Early flu like symptoms, erythema migrans as rash spreads out in ring pattern, late stage inflammation months or years later
Borrelia testing
Home blood test for Borrelia antibodies
Lyme disease treatment/prevention
Antibiotics if early, risk of autoimmunity in late stages, prevent tick bites, remove ticks with tweezers, careful disposal
Lyme disease vaccine
No vaccine
H. pylori classification
Causes gastric/duodenal ulcers, present in 60% of population, gram - spirochete
H. pylori reservoir
Oral cavity
H. pylori transmission
Person to person fluids or fecal-oral
H. pylori diseases
Gastric ulcers and cancer
H. pylori pathogenesis
Enter stomach, colonize gastric mucosa, cause inflammatory response and increase PMNs, destroy mucosa and form ulcers
H. pylori virulence
Urease hydrolyzes ammonia to gas to protect vs. pH, CagA promotes gastric cancer by altering signal transduction (not cytotoxin), VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin) forms pores, NAP (neutrophil activating protein) induces immune response, LPS O-antigen identical to gastric cells causes gastric inflammation
H. pylori testing
Stool antigen test, urea breath test, blood antibody test
H. pylori treatment
Antibiotics, patient stays contagious until course is finished
Antibiotic discovery
Alexander Fleming penicillin, fungus lysed S. aureus near mold contamination
Antibiotic production source
Majority made by other bacteria
Antibiotic classifications
Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacteria
Antibiotics targets
Bacterial processes and minimization of bacteria toxicity
Antibiotic distribution goal
Has to reach the infection site
4 major antibiotic targets
Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA replication, essential cofactors
Cell wall antibiotic targets
Penicillin, vancomycin inhibit Gram + synthesis, low toxicity
Protein synthesis antibiotic targets
Bind bacterial ribosome, kanamycin, tetracycline, azithromycin
DNA/RNA replication antibiotic targets
ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA polymerase, helpful for intracellular pathogens, rifampin inhibits RNA polymerase, also helpful for intracellular pathogens
Essential cofactor antibiotic targets
Folate is needed for DNA synthesis, not made by humans, antibiotics like trimethoprim inhibit folate synthesis and inhibit bug
Antibiotic resistance via stopping target aquisition
Efflux, mutations causing decrease in uptake, inactivating enzymes that degrade antibiotics like ESBL or modify them with chemical groups
Antibiotic resistance via modifying or bypassing target
Target modifications by changing DNAPolymerase, RNAPolymerase, and ribosome sites via methylation or chemical groups, target bypass by making site unrecognizable to antibiotic, PBP2a is not recognized by penicillin in MRSA
Antibiotics reborn
Old antibiotics that can be used again, penicillin resistance avoided with clavulanic acid inhibits ESBL production
California vaccine law
Kids need to get certain vaccines in order to be allowed to attend school, daycare, etc.
CA Required vaccines
HBV, MMR, Hib, DTaP, Chickenpox, Polio
HBV
Causes liver cancer, vaccine given at birth (surface antigen) in addition to immune globin
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
DTaP vaccine and Tdap boosters with toxoids
H. influenzae
Airborne, vaccinate with Hib conjugate vaccine
Polio
Fecal-oral, enters and damages CNS, vaccinate with IPV in USA and OPV in most of the world, small chance for vaccine derived polio
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
MMR live attenuated virus, measles causes respiratory disease, mumps causes salivary gland swelling, rubella causes rash but importantly birth defects
Chickenpox
Airborne and direct contact, vaccine is VAR live attenuated virus
Shingles
Caused by dormant varicella virus, spread by direct contact causes chickenpox, vaccine is recombinant virus
Pregnant women and vaccines
Live vaccines not recommended for pregnant women
Hepatitis A
Rarer, causes liver disease, spread fecal-oral and via fluids
Vaccine is HepA inactivated virus given and immune globin offered for limited protection to travelers
Strep. pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections
Airborne spread, PCV13 and PCV20 linked to DT
Flu vaccines
Flu spreads via air, vaccine options include IIV inactivated influenza vaccine, LAIV live attenuated influenza virus as well
Pregnant women can only take IIV
HPV
Genital warts, causes cervical cancers and others, most common STD, spread by genital contact, virus is HPV surface particles and components, not live
Neisseria meningitides
Epidemic meningitis, leading cause of bacterial meningitis, spread via droplets, vaccinate with MenACWY conjugate vaccines and MenB subunit vaccine
Rotavirus
Leading cause of diarrhea with infants, spread fecal-oral
Vaccine RV is 5 live rotavirus strains
Vaccine components
Active components, adjuvants boost immune response (aluminum), antibiotics to sterilize vials, preservatives, stabilizers allow longer shelf life, trace components of chemicals like formaldehyde
Vaccine classes
Subunit vaccines like DTaP are safe but no sIgA response, inactivated organisms like IPV expose many antigens, live attenuated vaccines are very strong but have safety concerns
New vaccine approaches
mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines
