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Bacterial Pathogenesis > Weeks 8-10 > Flashcards

Weeks 8-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi characterization

A

Causes Lyme disease, gram - spirochete like syphilis, enzootic life cycle and segmented chromosome on 20 plasmids

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2
Q

Borrelia reservoir

A

White footed mouse and birds

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3
Q

Borrelia transmission

A

Deer tick and black-legged tick

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4
Q

Borrelia diseases

A

Lyme disease and PTLDS (Post treatment Lyme disease syndrome)

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5
Q

Lyme disease skin phase

A

Tick injects bug into skin after 3-4 days, annular ring like rash as bacteria move into skin

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6
Q

Lyme disease bloodstream phase

A

Antibodies generated, bug is cleared from blood and move into joints and nervous system

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7
Q

Lyme disease tissue phase

A

Chronic Lyme disease symptoms, arthritis, neuron damage, autoimmune response

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8
Q

Borrelia virulence

A

Gene regulation, no toxin, alters outer surface protein presentation, no LPS, resistant to innate immunity and generates autoimmunity

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9
Q

Lyme disease diagnosis

A

Early flu like symptoms, erythema migrans as rash spreads out in ring pattern, late stage inflammation months or years later

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10
Q

Borrelia testing

A

Home blood test for Borrelia antibodies

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11
Q

Lyme disease treatment/prevention

A

Antibiotics if early, risk of autoimmunity in late stages, prevent tick bites, remove ticks with tweezers, careful disposal

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12
Q

Lyme disease vaccine

A

No vaccine

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13
Q

H. pylori classification

A

Causes gastric/duodenal ulcers, present in 60% of population, gram - spirochete

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14
Q

H. pylori reservoir

A

Oral cavity

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15
Q

H. pylori transmission

A

Person to person fluids or fecal-oral

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16
Q

H. pylori diseases

A

Gastric ulcers and cancer

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17
Q

H. pylori pathogenesis

A

Enter stomach, colonize gastric mucosa, cause inflammatory response and increase PMNs, destroy mucosa and form ulcers

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18
Q

H. pylori virulence

A

Urease hydrolyzes ammonia to gas to protect vs. pH, CagA promotes gastric cancer by altering signal transduction (not cytotoxin), VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin) forms pores, NAP (neutrophil activating protein) induces immune response, LPS O-antigen identical to gastric cells causes gastric inflammation

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19
Q

H. pylori testing

A

Stool antigen test, urea breath test, blood antibody test

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20
Q

H. pylori treatment

A

Antibiotics, patient stays contagious until course is finished

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21
Q

Antibiotic discovery

A

Alexander Fleming penicillin, fungus lysed S. aureus near mold contamination

22
Q

Antibiotic production source

A

Majority made by other bacteria

23
Q

Antibiotic classifications

A

Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacteria

24
Q

Antibiotics targets

A

Bacterial processes and minimization of bacteria toxicity

25
Q

Antibiotic distribution goal

A

Has to reach the infection site

26
Q

4 major antibiotic targets

A

Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA replication, essential cofactors

27
Q

Cell wall antibiotic targets

A

Penicillin, vancomycin inhibit Gram + synthesis, low toxicity

28
Q

Protein synthesis antibiotic targets

A

Bind bacterial ribosome, kanamycin, tetracycline, azithromycin

29
Q

DNA/RNA replication antibiotic targets

A

ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA polymerase, helpful for intracellular pathogens, rifampin inhibits RNA polymerase, also helpful for intracellular pathogens

30
Q

Essential cofactor antibiotic targets

A

Folate is needed for DNA synthesis, not made by humans, antibiotics like trimethoprim inhibit folate synthesis and inhibit bug

31
Q

Antibiotic resistance via stopping target aquisition

A

Efflux, mutations causing decrease in uptake, inactivating enzymes that degrade antibiotics like ESBL or modify them with chemical groups

32
Q

Antibiotic resistance via modifying or bypassing target

A

Target modifications by changing DNAPolymerase, RNAPolymerase, and ribosome sites via methylation or chemical groups, target bypass by making site unrecognizable to antibiotic, PBP2a is not recognized by penicillin in MRSA

33
Q

Antibiotics reborn

A

Old antibiotics that can be used again, penicillin resistance avoided with clavulanic acid inhibits ESBL production

34
Q

California vaccine law

A

Kids need to get certain vaccines in order to be allowed to attend school, daycare, etc.

35
Q

CA Required vaccines

A

HBV, MMR, Hib, DTaP, Chickenpox, Polio

36
Q

HBV

A

Causes liver cancer, vaccine given at birth (surface antigen) in addition to immune globin

37
Q

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

A

DTaP vaccine and Tdap boosters with toxoids

38
Q

H. influenzae

A

Airborne, vaccinate with Hib conjugate vaccine

39
Q

Polio

A

Fecal-oral, enters and damages CNS, vaccinate with IPV in USA and OPV in most of the world, small chance for vaccine derived polio

40
Q

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

A

MMR live attenuated virus, measles causes respiratory disease, mumps causes salivary gland swelling, rubella causes rash but importantly birth defects

41
Q

Chickenpox

A

Airborne and direct contact, vaccine is VAR live attenuated virus

42
Q

Shingles

A

Caused by dormant varicella virus, spread by direct contact causes chickenpox, vaccine is recombinant virus

43
Q

Pregnant women and vaccines

A

Live vaccines not recommended for pregnant women

44
Q

Hepatitis A

A

Rarer, causes liver disease, spread fecal-oral and via fluids
Vaccine is HepA inactivated virus given and immune globin offered for limited protection to travelers

45
Q

Strep. pneumoniae

A

Causes pneumonia, meningitis, and ear infections
Airborne spread, PCV13 and PCV20 linked to DT

46
Q

Flu vaccines

A

Flu spreads via air, vaccine options include IIV inactivated influenza vaccine, LAIV live attenuated influenza virus as well

Pregnant women can only take IIV

47
Q

HPV

A

Genital warts, causes cervical cancers and others, most common STD, spread by genital contact, virus is HPV surface particles and components, not live

48
Q

Neisseria meningitides

A

Epidemic meningitis, leading cause of bacterial meningitis, spread via droplets, vaccinate with MenACWY conjugate vaccines and MenB subunit vaccine

49
Q

Rotavirus

A

Leading cause of diarrhea with infants, spread fecal-oral
Vaccine RV is 5 live rotavirus strains

50
Q

Vaccine components

A

Active components, adjuvants boost immune response (aluminum), antibiotics to sterilize vials, preservatives, stabilizers allow longer shelf life, trace components of chemicals like formaldehyde

51
Q

Vaccine classes

A

Subunit vaccines like DTaP are safe but no sIgA response, inactivated organisms like IPV expose many antigens, live attenuated vaccines are very strong but have safety concerns

52
Q

New vaccine approaches

A

mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines

Bacterial Pathogenesis (3 decks)

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