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GEOG MIDTERM 2 > WEEKS 5-10 > Flashcards

WEEKS 5-10 Flashcards

1
Q

ability to extract oil

A
  1. amount of resources
  2. capacity of technology
  3. cost of investing in improvements
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2
Q

USGS oil reserve

A

crude oil that can be legally, technically and economically
extracted

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3
Q

increased desire

A

technology to extract must be matched by economic growth

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4
Q

fossil fuels

A

crude oil
natural gas
coal

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5
Q

crude oil formation

A

Made up of plants → Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy.
→Energy stored as hydrogen and carbon = hydrocarbons
Burning = release of energy, but also CO2
, water, ash, other pollutants

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6
Q

coal formation

A

Stage 1. Starts with peat, organic matter
Stage 2 - Lignite. (Organic matter is
compressed, oxygen, hydrogen and
water are pressed out)
Stage 3 – Coal. Pressure and
temperature over long time (100-300
million years creates coal

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7
Q

increasing carbon and hardness of coals

A

lignite -> sub-bituminous -> bituminous -> anthracite

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8
Q

forms in petroleum and coal deposits

A

methane, ethane, propane, butane

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9
Q

anticlinal formations

A

oil traps

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10
Q

layering within reservoirs (least dense –> most dense)

A

natural gas (top), oil (middle), saline water (bottom)

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11
Q

3 features of reservoirs

A
  1. kerogen-rich rocks that are buried deeply (so pressure and heat can convert kerogen to liquid oil)
  2. Porous rock type to act as a reservoir (oil migrates and accumulates in porous rock)
  3. Cap rock formation to seal in oil (prevents it from migrating to the surface)
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12
Q

strip mining

A

used to extract bitumen from oil sands

bitumen is separated from sand

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13
Q

in situ mining

A

recovery of oil >75m below surface
80% of oil sands recovered by this
steam injected into wells which causes bitumen to become more fluid

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14
Q

internationalism

A
  • Canada’s exports shaped by the economies of energy prices and demand of importing companies
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15
Q

financialization

A

Growing reliance on exports can result in severe volatility, unpredictability

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16
Q

extreme price volatility

A

price fluctuations of a commodity
makes infrastructure investments riskier

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17
Q

contouring/erosion control

A

Land surfaces are recontoured → blend in with environment, reduced erosion

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18
Q

sites are revegetated

A

Establishment of native plant community

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19
Q

Reclamation certification

A

After reclamation, landscape is evaluated for drainage, soil, health of vegetation - Monitored for 15 plus years…

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20
Q

arable land

A

crops that require annual replanting

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21
Q

permanent cropland

A

crops like coffee, tea, etc that don’t require annual replanting

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22
Q

intensification of production

A

To obtain more output from a given area of agricultural
land

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23
Q

sustainable intensification

A

Increased
food production while also minimising environmental pressures

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24
Q

5 issues in farmland

A
  1. depletion of resources
  2. farmland degradation
  3. food waste
  4. demographics
  5. political issues
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25
Q

externality

A

negative costs to society associated with other resources

26
Q

farmland functions

A
  1. place
  2. play
  3. production
  4. protection
27
Q

irrigation district act

A

operates and maintains irrigation while promoting viable farming

28
Q

water act

A

conservation, management & allocation of water

29
Q

Agricultural Operation Practices Act

A

Ensures growth of livestock industry to meet
opportunities; environmental sustainability

30
Q

Agricultural Societies Act

A

Allows agricultural societies to be established and dissolved

31
Q

Agriculture Financial Services Act

A

Provides financial services, insurance, and Opportunity bonds

32
Q

Agricultural Pests Act

A

Minister can declare a bird/animal/insect/plant/disease a pest or
nuisance

33
Q

forest management

A
34
Q

drivers of fire

A

weather
topography
fuel

35
Q

world production of mining

A

potash, uranium, nickel, diamonds, zinc

36
Q

open pit mining

A

. movement of large amount of materials. makes ore deposits economically viable

37
Q

underground mining

A

movement of small amount of materials (higher value goods)

38
Q

shadow effects

A

Impacts to various integrated systems not directly observed

39
Q

tailings ponds

A

chemicals and other by-products of
mining industry contained within ponds

40
Q

sinkholes

A

caused by failure of the mine roof or weak overburden that cause the
ground to cave in

41
Q

Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM)

A

Enable mining companies to
meet the needs of society in the most socially and environmentally responsible way

42
Q

Contractual Agreements

A

Third party agreements addressing sustainability

43
Q

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

A

Industry takes voluntary measures to improve
social and environmental costs and benefits

44
Q

Social Lisence to Operate (SLO)

A

Earning community support for mining operations to
ensure resilient communities

45
Q

Large differences between provinces/territories

A

Feds have reduced authority , increases the responsibility of the provinces.

46
Q

Investment Canada Act (ICA)

A

Governs large foreign investment in Canada

47
Q

Wildlife management

A

Maintain wildlife populations at ‘acceptable’ levels

48
Q

Wildlife Conservation

A

Practice of protecting wildlife species and habitats

49
Q

conflicts between wildlife and humans

A
  1. destroying property
  2. habituation
  3. encroaching on human territory
  4. affecting valuable species (wolves hunting deer)
  5. nuisance
50
Q

Competition

A

competition or rivalry between/among living
things for resources

51
Q

Exploitation Competition

A

Indirect competition for resources
thereby limiting the availability of these to other organisms

52
Q

Interference Competition

A

interaction between competing
species is direct (e.g. aggression)

53
Q

Charismatic megafauna

A

large animal species with widespread popular appeal

54
Q

Surrogate Species

A

Focus on a single (or few) focal species that are representative of the
conservation needs of the entire community

55
Q

Keystone Species

A

A species that has substantial impacts on other species

56
Q

Umbrella Species

A

Shares broad habitat range; protecting
that species will protect other species

57
Q

Flagship Species

A

Symbols of conservation awareness

58
Q

Flagship Fatigue

A

choosing lesser-known species can make
conservation more effective

59
Q

Canada Wildlife Act (1985)

A

-Wildlife research and conservation
* Operate research facilities
* Protect lands with endangered or protected species

60
Q

Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994)

A

Protects species that cross borders (theoretically includes birds, mammals, fish)

61
Q

Species at Risk Act (SARA)

A

Protects species, regardless of location in Canada

62
Q

National Parks Act

A

Protects ecosystems and species in boundaries

GEOG MIDTERM 2 (1 decks)

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