Canada’s exports shaped by the economies of energy prices and demand of importing companies

1. depletion of resources 2. farmland degradation 3. food waste 4. demographics 5. political issues

WEEKS 5-10 Flashcards by Morgan Hull

ability to extract oil

amount of resources
capacity of technology
cost of investing in improvements

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USGS oil reserve

crude oil that can be legally, technically and economically
extracted

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increased desire

technology to extract must be matched by economic growth

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fossil fuels

crude oil
natural gas
coal

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crude oil formation

Made up of plants → Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy.
→Energy stored as hydrogen and carbon = hydrocarbons
Burning = release of energy, but also CO2
, water, ash, other pollutants

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coal formation

Stage 1. Starts with peat, organic matter
Stage 2 - Lignite. (Organic matter is
compressed, oxygen, hydrogen and
water are pressed out)
Stage 3 – Coal. Pressure and
temperature over long time (100-300
million years creates coal

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increasing carbon and hardness of coals

lignite -> sub-bituminous -> bituminous -> anthracite

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forms in petroleum and coal deposits

methane, ethane, propane, butane

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anticlinal formations

oil traps

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layering within reservoirs (least dense –> most dense)

natural gas (top), oil (middle), saline water (bottom)

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3 features of reservoirs

kerogen-rich rocks that are buried deeply (so pressure and heat can convert kerogen to liquid oil)
Porous rock type to act as a reservoir (oil migrates and accumulates in porous rock)
Cap rock formation to seal in oil (prevents it from migrating to the surface)

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strip mining

used to extract bitumen from oil sands

bitumen is separated from sand

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in situ mining

recovery of oil >75m below surface
80% of oil sands recovered by this
steam injected into wells which causes bitumen to become more fluid

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internationalism

Canada’s exports shaped by the economies of energy prices and demand of importing companies

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financialization

Growing reliance on exports can result in severe volatility, unpredictability

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extreme price volatility

price fluctuations of a commodity
makes infrastructure investments riskier

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contouring/erosion control

Land surfaces are recontoured → blend in with environment, reduced erosion

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sites are revegetated

Establishment of native plant community

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Reclamation certification

After reclamation, landscape is evaluated for drainage, soil, health of vegetation - Monitored for 15 plus years…

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arable land

crops that require annual replanting

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permanent cropland

crops like coffee, tea, etc that don’t require annual replanting

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intensification of production

To obtain more output from a given area of agricultural
land

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sustainable intensification

Increased
food production while also minimising environmental pressures

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5 issues in farmland

depletion of resources
farmland degradation
food waste
demographics
political issues

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externality

negative costs to society associated with other resources

farmland functions

1. place 2. play 3. production 4. protection

irrigation district act

operates and maintains irrigation while promoting viable farming

water act

conservation, management & allocation of water

Agricultural Operation Practices Act

Ensures growth of livestock industry to meet opportunities; environmental sustainability

Agricultural Societies Act

Allows agricultural societies to be established and dissolved

Agriculture Financial Services Act

Provides financial services, insurance, and Opportunity bonds

Agricultural Pests Act

Minister can declare a bird/animal/insect/plant/disease a pest or nuisance

forest management

drivers of fire

weather topography fuel

world production of mining

potash, uranium, nickel, diamonds, zinc

open pit mining

. movement of large amount of materials. makes ore deposits economically viable

underground mining

movement of small amount of materials (higher value goods)

shadow effects

Impacts to various integrated systems not directly observed

tailings ponds

chemicals and other by-products of mining industry contained within ponds

sinkholes

caused by failure of the mine roof or weak overburden that cause the ground to cave in

Towards Sustainable Mining (TSM)

Enable mining companies to meet the needs of society in the most socially and environmentally responsible way

Contractual Agreements

Third party agreements addressing sustainability

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Industry takes voluntary measures to improve social and environmental costs and benefits

Social Lisence to Operate (SLO)

Earning community support for mining operations to ensure resilient communities

Large differences between provinces/territories

Feds have reduced authority , increases the responsibility of the provinces.

Investment Canada Act (ICA)

Governs large foreign investment in Canada

Wildlife management

Maintain wildlife populations at ‘acceptable’ levels

Wildlife Conservation

Practice of protecting wildlife species and habitats

conflicts between wildlife and humans

1. destroying property 2. habituation 3. encroaching on human territory 4. affecting valuable species (wolves hunting deer) 5. nuisance

Competition

competition or rivalry between/among living things for resources

Exploitation Competition

Indirect competition for resources thereby limiting the availability of these to other organisms

Interference Competition

interaction between competing species is direct (e.g. aggression)

Charismatic megafauna

large animal species with widespread popular appeal

Surrogate Species

Focus on a single (or few) focal species that are representative of the conservation needs of the entire community

Keystone Species

A species that has substantial impacts on other species

Umbrella Species

Shares broad habitat range; protecting that species will protect other species

Flagship Species

Symbols of conservation awareness

Flagship Fatigue

choosing lesser-known species can make conservation more effective

Canada Wildlife Act (1985)

-Wildlife research and conservation * Operate research facilities * Protect lands with endangered or protected species

Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994)

Protects species that cross borders (theoretically includes birds, mammals, fish)

Species at Risk Act (SARA)

Protects species, regardless of location in Canada

National Parks Act

Protects ecosystems and species in boundaries