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Genetics and Embryology > Weeks 2-8 > Flashcards

Weeks 2-8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the dorsal side of the body refer to?

A

The back.

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2
Q

What plane divides the body into right and left halves?

A

Median plane.

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3
Q

What is the function of the coronal plane?

A

It divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) parts.

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4
Q

When does the blastocyst embed into the uterine lining?

A

Begins at day 7.

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5
Q

Name the two layers of the trophoblast.

A

Cytotrophoblast (inner layer) and syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer).

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6
Q

What hormone does the syncytiotrophoblast produce?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).

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7
Q

By which day is the blastocyst fully embedded in the endometrium?

A

By day 10.

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8
Q

What are primary chorionic villi?

A

Structures that develop on days 13–14 and are part of the placental tissues.

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9
Q

What marks the beginning of secondary chorionic villus development?

A

Mesodermal cells penetrate the core of primary villi at the start of week 3.

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the inner cell mass?

A

Hypoblast (adjacent to the blastocyst cavity) and epiblast (adjacent to the amniotic cavity).

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11
Q

What structure forms the floor of the amniotic cavity?

A

The epiblast.

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12
Q

What happens to the primary yolk sac during embryogenesis?

A

It decreases in size as the secondary yolk sac forms.

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13
Q

What is the role of the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm?

A

It lines the trophoblast and covers the amnion, forming the chorion.

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14
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

During the third week of development.

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15
Q

What germ layers are formed during gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

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16
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

The epidermis, nervous system, and retina.

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17
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Smooth muscle, connective tissues, blood vessels, and skeletal structures.

18
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Epithelial linings of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

19
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

A narrow groove that appears on days 15–16, signaling the site of mesoderm formation.

20
Q

What can a remnant of the primitive streak lead to?

A

Sacrococcygeal teratoma.

21
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A structure that serves as the basis for the axial skeleton and induces the formation of the neural plate.

22
Q

What happens to the notochordal canal during its development?

A

It fuses with the endoderm, allowing communication with the yolk sac.

23
Q

What does the allantois become as the bladder enlarges?

A

The urachus.

24
Q

What are the blood vessels of the allantois associated with?

A

Umbilical arteries and vein.

25
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation of the blastocyst outside the uterine cavity, commonly in the fallopian tube.

26
Q

What is the incidence of ectopic pregnancies?

A

Varies from 1:80 to 1:250 pregnancies.

27
Q

What is the main cause of embryo loss during the first three weeks?

A

Abnormal conceptuses or chromosomal abnormalities.

28
Q

What is embryonic folding?

A

A process where the flat embryonic disc transforms into a cylindrical embryo.

29
Q

What is the significance of the prechordal plate?

A

It marks where the ectoderm and endoderm meet and contributes to head development.

30
Q

What are Carnegie stages?

A

Stages of embryonic development based on clinical features rather than size or age.

31
Q

At what stage does the notochordal process develop?

A

Stage 8, around days 19–21.

32
Q

What is the function of the neural plate?

A

It gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

33
Q

What triggers the development of the neural plate?

A

Induction by the notochord.

34
Q

What is the main role of the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

To erode maternal tissues for implantation and produce hCG.

35
Q

When does the secondary yolk sac form?

A

After the primary yolk sac reduces in size.

36
Q

What defines the boundaries of the embryonic disk?

A

The epiblast and hypoblast layers.

37
Q

What are intravillous spaces?

A

Cavities in the chorion filled with maternal blood for nutrient exchange.

38
Q

When does the embryo first establish a connection to the placenta?

A

By the end of the third week, with the formation of blood vessels in chorionic villi.

39
Q

What are the main contributors to maternal-placental abnormalities?

A

Adhesions, scarring, or infections delaying zygote transport.

40
Q

What determines the differentiation of the embryonic germ layers?

A

Continuous migration of cells from the primitive streak.

Genetics and Embryology (5 decks)

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