Weeks 2-6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are health studies?

A

Addresses health, illness, and medicine through a humanities, social science, an interdisciplinary lens

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2
Q

What are disciplines?

A

Disciplines are specific fields that support and constitute medicine

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3
Q

What disciplines support and constitute medicine?

A
  • Occupational sciences (pharmacy)
  • “Basic science” (immunology)
  • Social specialties (family practice)
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4
Q

What is qualitative data and give an example

A
  • Data that is interpretation-based and is not measured numerically
  • Ex: Focus groups
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5
Q

What is quantitative data and give an example

A
  • Data that is measurable
  • Ex: Statistics
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6
Q

What is disciplinarity?

A

The notion that different disciplines have unique ways of looking at problems which provide an approach to solutions

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7
Q

Health studies explores issues related to health…..

A

Internationally, politically, individually, economically, culturally, and environmentally

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8
Q

What are some disciplinary boundaries of health studies?

A

Sociology- Focuses on institutions and their practices
Geography- Focuses on space and place, and how it affects people’s well-being
Health Psychology- Focuses on how people think and behave in relation to health

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9
Q

What is multidisciplinary collaboration and its disadvantages?

A
  • Involves multiple disciplines that work separately
  • Little interaction between researchers who work independently
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10
Q

What is interdisciplinary collaboration?

A
  • Involves multiple disciplines that work together to form a solution
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11
Q

What is transdisciplinary collaboration and its disadvantages?

A
  • Involves multiple disciplines that work outside of their disciplinary field
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12
Q

List 3 social science sub-disciplines

A

Sociology, health psychology, health economics

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13
Q

What is health equity?

A

An approach that includes interventions and policies that address dsicrimination and oppression to reduce health outcomes

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14
Q

What are health disparities?

A

Differences in health outcomes that are avoidable, unjust, and systematically related to social inequalities

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15
Q

Compare health equity and health disparity

A
  • Health equity looks at what could and should have been
  • Health disparity indicates what is by reflecting on measureable epidemiological data
    • Indicates how far we are from acheieving health equity
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16
Q

What is the Lalonde Report and when was it released?

A
  • Released in 1974
  • Proposed that public health interventions, government policies, and financial resources should be revert their attention to high risk populations
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17
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter/Foundations of Health Promotion and when was it released?

A
  • Released in 1986
  • Defines health promotion which includes health resources and fundamental conditions
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18
Q

What are the social determinants of health (SDOH)?

A

They are non-medical factors that impact individuals and their population

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19
Q

What are the 2 most important SDOH?

A

Poverty/income and race

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20
Q

What is the Epp Report and when was it released?

A
  • Released in 1986
  • Used health promotion to reduce inequities in health
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21
Q

What are some issues with crossing disciplinary boundaries?

A
  • Health is difficult to define in biomedical terms which can affect all our understanding of what it means to be healthy or ill
  • Health is very complex and requires different perspectives
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22
Q

What does it mean to be critical?

A

Reflecting on information using judgement skills and engaging in higher levels of thinking to formulate reliable decisions

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23
Q

What are some concerns about critical approaches?

A
  • Research is typically conducted through an oppressive relationship
  • Lacks a movement that can impact real-world to force political and social changes
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24
Q

Which definition of health is this: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

A

WHO from 1948

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25
Q

Which definition of health is this: The capacity to adapt and self-manage in the face of physical, mental, and social challenges

A

WHO from Huber and colleagues in 2011

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26
Q

Which definition of health is this: Health is a condition in which people achieve control over their lives because of the equitable distribution of power and resources. Health is thus a collective value; my health cannot be at the expense of others nor through the excessive use of natural resources

A

WHO by Wills, Watson & Scott-Samuel

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27
Q

What is the Action Statement for Health promotion in Canada and when was it released?

A
  • Released in 1996
  • Reformed health care systems in a beneficial way
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28
Q

What are the 3 approaches to understanding health and explain them?

A
  1. Biomedical- Health issues are personal, not social issues (ex: cardiovascular disease)
  2. Behavioural- Health issues are caused by a person’s behaviour (ex: smoking)
  3. Socio-environmental- Health issues are caused by structural factors (ex: eating poorly b/c they cannot afford healthy food)
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29
Q

What are the 4 key determinants of health and explain them?

A
  1. Income- Higher income inequality results in a lower life expectancy
  2. Political Regimes & Welfare Status- What social and health services the government provides to citizens
  3. Social Networks & Neighbourhood- Social support, access to services and facilities can influence a person’s health
  4. Activities of Daily Living- Daily physical activity, routines, (ex: transportation and eating habits)
30
Q

How can we identify and address the determinants of health? Give an example.

A
  1. Distal- Furthest away from the individual, caused by infrastructural factors (ex: access to resources)
  2. Intermediate- Based on relationships, community based (ex: school, work, family, etc)
  3. Proximal- Closest to an individual’s health status, caused by direct biological threats (ex: exposure to disease)
31
Q

What are the 3 different levels of causes

A

Distal, intermediate, and proximal

32
Q

What are the 2 general determinants of health?

A

Personal Determinants: At the individual level, includes genetic factors
Structural Determinants: At the societal level, living and working conditions

33
Q

What are the 4 major determinants of population health?

A

1) Human Biology
2) Health Organizations
3) Environment
4) Lifestyle

34
Q

What is the theoretical framework for the biological basis of the determinants of health?

A

1) Genes
2) Internal Agency
3) External Agency
4) Aging

35
Q

How can genes affect our health?

A
  • Based on our genetic makeup
  • Mutations can produce themselves
  • Determines our lifespan
36
Q

How can the external agency affect health?

A
  • Based on how the environment affects our well-being
  • Ex: Pathogens, injuries
  • Can mainly be prevented rather than cured
37
Q

How cam internal agency affect health?

A
  • Based on how our internal body reacts to changes in the external environment
  • Ex: Diseases
  • Too much of something can cause stress, too little can cause disuse
  • Body needs energy and fuel to survive
38
Q

How can aging affect health?

A
  • A natural metabolic process
  • “Wear and tear minus repair”
  • As cells divide, they wear out
  • The 12 organ systems decline in function by 0.5% from ages 30 to 70
39
Q

What are the 4 basic characteristics of living things?

A

1) Homeostasis
2) Stimulus, process, response
3) Evolution
4) Metabolism

40
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion

41
Q

What is the relative importance of health determinants?

A

Downstream Factors- Situated closest to the health outcome (ex: health status)
Upstream Factors- Situated farthest from the health outcome (ex: social status)

42
Q

What are the determinants of good and ill health?

A

Ill Health- Easier to asses, looks at mortality rate, disease rates, and measurements of harmful behaviour
Good Health- More difficult to asses, looks at social environment factors such as employment status and level of education

43
Q

Define homeodynamics

A

The body responding to constant changes in the environment

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