Weeks 1-4 (Review) Flashcards
1
Q
Study of living things too small to be seen without magnification
A
Microbiology
2
Q
Microscopic organisms commonly called germs, viruses, or agents
A
Microorganism/Microbes
3
Q
T/F: Not all microbes can cause disease
A
True
4
Q
What portion of known microorganisms are pathogenic?
A
Only a small portion, 5%. The rest are free-living
5
Q
What are the 3 organisms under Linnaean Classification system that is covered by Microbiology
A
Bacteria/Monera, Protista, Fungi
6
Q
Yes or No: Are acellular entities or agents such as viruses, prions, and viroids considered as microorganisms?
A
Yes
7
Q
Give the 2 types of cellular organization
A
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
8
Q
Has no true nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles
A
Prokaryotic/ Prokaryotes
9
Q
The dark area that holds the genetic material of prokaryotes is called
A
Nucleoid region
10
Q
Has true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
A
Eukaryotic/Eukaryotes
11
Q
Give examples of membrane-bound organelles found only in Eukaryotes
A
Golgi Apparatus, Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
12
Q
These are generally the animal-like protists and do not have cell walls
A
Eukaryotes
13
Q
Only these organisms have cell walls
A
Plants, Fungi, and Plant-like protists
14
Q
Component of the cell walls of plants/plant-like protists
A
Cellulose
15
Q
Component of cell walls of fungi
A
Subunits of monosaccharide and polysaccharide called Chitin
16
Q
He developed the taxonomic and classification system for naming plants and animals and grouping organisms together
A
Carolus Linnaeus
17
Q
Give the 5 distinct groups of organism under Linnaean system
A
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Bacteria/Monera
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Protista
18
Q
This is also known as the trash bin kingdom
A
Kingdom Protist
19
Q
Give two groups of organisms under Kingdom Protista
A
- Algae
- Protozoa
20
Q
Also known as photosynthetic protists
A
Algae
21
Q
Known as heterotrophic protists
A
Protozoa
22
Q
T/F: Protozoa is only free-living
A
False, protozoa can either be pathogenic or free-living
23
Q
Give the 3 domain systems of Carolus Linnaeus
A
- Domain Bacteria
- Domain Archaea
- Domain Eukarya
24
Q
What groups of organisms belong to the Domain Eukarya
A
Plants, animals, protist, fungi
25
He grouped microorganisms into 6 kingdoms/categories
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
26
6 categories of microorganisms according to Leeuwenhoek
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
4. Algae
5. Archaea
6. Small animals
27
Yes or No: Are small animals still considered as microorganisms?
No since they are true animals already
28
5 Kingdoms under the Traditional Whittaker Classification
1. Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera)
2. Kingdom Protista
3. KIngdom Fungae
4. Kingdom Plantae
5. Kingdom Animalia
29
Give the groups of organisms that are both multicellular and eukaryotic
Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi
30
These are eukaryotic organisms that can either be unicellular or multicellular
Protista
31
Give the groups of organisms that are both unicellular and prokaryotic
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
32
Traditional Whittaker classification grouped microorganisms on the basis of what?
Morphology, Metabolism, Molecular Techniques
33
What molecular techniques are included for the basis of microorganism classification
Fatty Acid Profile, Protein Differentiation, DNA Finger Printing
34
T/F: DNA sequencing is included in the molecular techniques used for classifying microorganisms
False, only DNA Finger printing
35
The matching of genetic material of one organism to the genetic material of another organism regardless of its sequence
DNA finger printing
36
T/F: If the results of DNA finger printing is high, this means that the two organisms belong to the same species
True
37
This classification of microorganism is already based on genetic sequences
Advanced Classification System
38
What specific part of the gene is used for the genetic sequencing in Advanced Classification System?
rRNA / small subunits of rRNA
39
T/F: rRNA is present in all microorganisms
True, that is why they are very good marker for Advanced Classification System of microorganisms
40
Give the domains under the Advanced Classification System
1. Domain Bacteria
2. Domain Archaea
3. Domain Eukarya
41
This domain can cause diseases to humans and spoilage/changes in food quality
Domain Bacteria
42
What specific groups of organisms can cause pathogens and changes in the quality of food items
Proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria
43
They are drivers of biogeochemical cycles and play an important role in the environment and nutrient cycling
Domain Bacteria
44
This domain is found in extreme environments
Domain Archaea
45
Organisms found in salty environments
Halophiles
46
Organisms found in extreme environments
Thermococcus
47
Methane-loving organisms
Methanobacterium
48
Domain with true nucleus and compartmentalizations
Domain Eukarya
49
Examples of Protozoa under Domain Eukarya
Entamoeba, Flagellates, Ciliates, Macroorganisms
50
Causative agent of Amoebiasis
Amoeba from Entamoeba
51
Causative agent of Trichomoniasis
Trichomonads from Flagellates
52
T/F: Paramecium is a member of Flagellates
False, it is a member of Ciliates
53
T/F: All macroorganisms are not included in the study of microbiology
False, smaller fungi such as yeast and molds are part of microbiology. Only larger fungi such as mushrooms and puffballs are not.
54
Give the eukaryotic microorganisms
Fungi, Protozoa and Algae (protists)
55
These eukaryotic microorganisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic and has cell walls
Fungi
56
What is the mode of heterotrophy of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophy
57
2 groups of fungi
Molds and Yeasts
58
Fungi that are multicellular, have hyphae, and reproduce by asexual and sexual pores
Molds
59
Fungi that are unicellular and can reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by production of spores
Yeast
60
Animal-like protists that are heterotrophic, unicellular and are either free-living or pathogenic
Protozoa
61
T/F: Protozoa has no cell walls
True, only plants and plant-like protist like fungi have cell walls
62
Mode of heterotrophy of Protozoa
Ingestive heterotrophy
63
These eukaryotic microorganisms are mostly capable of locomotion and they live freely in water (some live in animal hosts)
Protozoa
64
Examples of Pathogenic protozoa
Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trichomonas
65
This causes malaria
Plasmodium
66
This causes STD to humans
Trichomonas vaginalis
67
Examples of free-living protozoa
Paramecium
68
Give the locomotory structures of protozoa
Pseudopodia, Cilia, Flagella
69
These cell extensions allow the organisms to move and gather food via streaming of cytoplasm
Pseudopodia
70
Example organism with pseudopodia
Amoeba
71
These are numerous, short, hair-like protrusions that propel organisms through environment
Cilia
72
Cell extensions that are fewer, longer, and whip-like
Flagella
73
Example organism with cilia
Paramecium
74
These microorganisms are not animal-like but are closer relative of true plants. They are either unicellular/multicellular and can stand alone (do not depend on other organisms for food production)
Algae
75
Yes or No: Can we consider algae as plants?
No, because they do not have true plant organs such as roots, stems, leave. They only resemble these organs but not yet well-developed
76
Algae are categorized based on what factors
Pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell wall
77
Give the members of prokaryotic microorganisms
Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses
78
Example of unicellular algae
Diatoms
78
Example of unicellular algae
Diatoms
79
Examples of multicellular algae
Sea grapes (edible algae)
80
These are unicellular and lack nuclei; smaller than eukaryotes; found in extreme environments and with moisture; reproduce asexually
Prokaryotes
81
Two types of prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea
82
Cell walls of bacteria contains what component
Peptidoglycan
83
T/F: Bacteria always have cell walls
False, some lack cell walls
84
T/F: Most bacteria do not cause disease
True
85
Give the different shapes of bacteria
Spirilla, Cocci, Bacilli
86
Spiral bacteria such as Leptospira (leptospirosis agent)
Spirilla
87
A Round-shaped bacteria and give an example
Cocci: streptococcus & staphylococcus
88
Rod-shaped bacteria and give an example
Bacilli: Lactobacilli
89
Cell walls of Archaea is composed of what
Polymers other than peptidoglycan
90
These prokaryotes are not common in mesophilic environment
Archaea
91
These microorganisms are very small and are not independently living cellular organisms (cannot reproduce independently, they only mutate)
Viruses
92
The lipid membrane/protein that contains the genetic material, DNA or RNA
Protein coat
93
Viruses are individually called as
Virus particles or virion
94
They are mostly pathogenic but are very host-specific (dependent on host cell)
Viruses
95
T/F: All organisms have their viruses
True, but they are host-specific
96
These are the only viruses for animals that can be transferred to humans due to adaptations
Zoonotic viruses
97
Why are microorganisms especially useful for research?
1. because they have relatively simple structures
2. because large numbers of microorganisms can be used in an experiment to obtain statistically reliable results at a reasonable cost
3. because they reproduce quickly; useful for studies involving genes
98
Give the 3 properties exhibited by ALL cells
1. Metabolism
2. Growth
3. Evolution
99
Give the 3 properties exhibited by SOME cells
1. Differentiation
2. Communication
3. Genetic Exchange
4. Motility
100
What property of cells refers to the formation of new cell structures such as spores
Differentiation
101
What property of cells refers to the interaction of cells with each other by chemical messengers
Communication
102
Two ways of metabolism for all cells
Genetic (transcription, translation, replication) and Catalytic (energy, biosynthesis)
103
This property refers to the conversion of nutrients from the environment into new cell materials to form new cells
Growth
104
This property of cells refer to the process by which they evolve to display new properties
Evolution
105
Used to capture evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic Trees
106
T/F: In microbiology, growth refers to increase in number, not in size
True
107
T/F: All bacteria will undergo differentiation
False, only spore-formers such as bacillus and clostridium can differentiate
108
Example of cell communication which serves as a protection of bacterial cells; formation of slimy layer on surfaces of household materials for bacterial survival
Biofilm
109
What can cause a bacterial cell to be eventually resistant to an antibiotic
Genetic Exchange
110
T/F: Microorganisms are all motile
False
111
T/F: Only bacteria can utilize atmospheric nitrogen
True
112
This helps in digesting those nutrients that cannot be digested by the human digestive tract
Normal Flora
113
This process uses microbes to remove toxins and degrade organic matter that is harmful to the environment
Bioremediation
114
This prevents the entry of other pathogenic microorganisms in host's body (e.g. in the skin) by allowing non-pathogenic organisms to occupy the space in a host's body instead
Normal microbiota
115
Herbivore animals that are used for food production like production of beef and milk
Ruminants
116
T/F: Cellulose in plants is not easily digested by both the digestive tract of humans and animals alone
True
117
T/F: Our digestive tract has normal flora
False, that is why we take them from external source such as drinking Yakult for Lactobacillus
118
T/F: Lactobacillus goes with our fecal matter after a while so we need to replenish it by drinking Yakult the next day
True
119
T/F: Cellulose or starch can be converted to glucose using microorganisms
True
120
Who created the prototype model of first basic microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
121
This experiment disproved Aristotle's Theory
Redi's Experiment
122
This theory states that leaving a matter for a long period of time will generate living organisms
Aristotle's Theory
123
Father of Microbiology and proponent of Pasteurization process
Louis Pasteur
124
This refers to the action of microorganism which releases undesirable changes to food items, particularly presence of foul smell
Putrefaction
125
This microorganism causes the glittering or shimmering effect from paint
Algae
126
This person discovered antibiotics
Alexander Fleming
127
What was the contaminant found by Alexander Fleming when he was examining the wound samples of the soldiers
Penicillium
128
This bacteria causes wound infection
Staphylococcus aureus
129
Most famous antibiotic responsible for killing the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus in wound samples of the soldiers based on Fleming's study
Penicillin
130
Developed the Gene Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur
131
Studied causative agents of disease
Robert Koch
132
Studied Anthrax and examined colonies of microorganisms
Robert Koch
133
This forms when one bacterial cell reproduces and undergoes binary fission for a long time
Colony
134
This forms when one bacterial cell reproduces and undergoes binary fission for a long time
Colony
135
Discovered simple staining techniques
Robert Koch
136
He took the first photomicrograph of bacteria and bacteria in diseased tissue
Robert Koch
137
What organism is used for the first photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue
Laboratory Mouse
138
He has a significant contribution in estabilishing quantitative microbiology and techniques for estimating CFU/ml or g
Robert Koch
139
This study involves the number of bacterial cells in a microbial sample
Quantitative microbiology
140
He also discovered the use of steam to sterilize media, use of petri dishes, aseptic techniques, and bacteria as a distinct species
Robert Koch
141
T/F: According to Pasteur, different colors, morphology, or presentation of colony indicate different bacterial species
False, it was Koch who stated that not Pasteur
142
He noticed that microbial cells under the microscope are very near to the structure or refractive index of water so it is also colorless
Robert Koch
143
What was used by Robert Koch to increase the contrast of organisms under the microscope since it is colorless at first
Stain or dye
144
State the 4 postulates of Koch
1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
3. Cells from the pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same with the original
145
He discovered the Gonorrhea Disease
Albert Neisser
146
Causes Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhea
147
Discovered malaria
Charles Laveran
148
Causes malaria
Plasmodium sp. (protozoa)
149
Discovered Anthrax, Tuberculosis, and Cholera
Robert Koch
150
Causes Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
151
Causes cholera
Vibrio cholerae
152
Causes anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
153
Discovered Diphtheria
Edwin Klebs
154
Causes Diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheria
155
Discovered Tetanus
Shibasaburo Kitasato
156
Causes Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
157
Discovered Tobacco Mosaic Model
Dmitri Ivanowski and Martinus Beijerinck
158
Tobacco Mosaic Model is used for
Tobacco mosaic virus
159
Discovered Yellow Fever
Walter Reed
160
Causes Yellow Fever
Flavivirus or Yellow Fever Virus
161
The proponent of handwashing as the most important household and hospital practice
Semmelweis
162
He said that microorganisms are ubiquitous/everywhere so aseptic technique must be practiced
Lister
163
According to her, everything in the hospital is a source of contamination so all bed sheets and pillow cases must be replaced since they can be a vehicle for disease transmission. Also said that those infected with communicable disease must be separated from those that are not
Nightingale (Florence Nightingale)
164
Proponent of infection control and epidemiology
Snow
165
Proponent of the field of immunology and vaccines
Edward Jenner
166
This is a modification of molecule of the causative agent but it has lesser power. This also allows the body to recognize the pathogen the next time it enters so the individual no longer gets sick
Vaccine
167
Proponent of chemotherapy; magic bullets
Paul Ehrlich
168
Discovered gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Hans Christian Gram
169
Used microbes as model systems for biochemical reactions and practical applications
Kluyver and van Niel
170
Manipulations of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications
Recombinant DNA Technology
171
Examples of this application of genes are BT corn and production of blood clotting factor for hemophiliacs
Recombinant DNA Technology
172
This is very helpful in the age of microbiology because it is the basis of their classification
Genes
173
Study of blood serum
Serology
174
Discovered the existence of chemicals and cells that fight infection in the blood
Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
175
Study of the body's defense against specific pathogens
Immunology
176
Discovered Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
177
Discovered sulfa drugs
Domagk
178
Study of frequency, distribution, and spread of disease
Epidemiology
179
Study of cause of disease
Etiology
180
Study of body's defense against specific pathogens
Immunology
181
Study of development and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases
Chemotherapy
182
Study of Hygiene in health care settings and control of nonsocomial infections
Infection control
183
describes how many times bigger an object in the microscope
magnification
184
T/F: Higher magnification = more powerful
True
185
Describes how fine the details and the smallest distance that two adjacent objects can be seen in the microscope
Resolution
186
This refers to the fineness, sharpness, and clarity of produced image in microscope
Resolution
187
Smallest distance between two distinguishable points
Resolution
188
Type of microscope used to study living cells at relatively low magnifications (0.2 mm resolution and 2000x magnification); uses visible light
Compound light microscope
189
Type of compound light microscope where specimens are visualized because of the differences in contrast (density) between specimen and surrounding
Bright field
190
This improves contrast in microscope
staining
191
These are organic compounds that bind to specific cellular materials that improves contrast of specimen under microscope
Dyes
192
Differential stain used to separate bacteria into groups (gram + and gram -)
Gram Stain
193
Improve contrast of a sample without the use of a stain
Phase contrast
194
Invented phase contract
Frits Zernike
195
Type of compound light microscope amplifies differences in the refractive index of cell and surroundings
Phase ring
196
Type of compound light microscope that allows visualization of live samples and the resulting images is dark cells on a dark background
Phase ring
197
Type of compound light microscope where light reaches the specimen from the sides and image appears light on a dark background. Best for observing motility
Dark-field
198
Uses fluorescent dye and visualizes specimens that fluoresce. Best for enumerating bacteria in natural samples
Fluorescence microscope
199
3D imaging of cells and uses polarizer to create two distinct
Differential Interference Microscope
200
uses computerized microscope coupled with laser source to generate a 3D image. Focuses the laser on single layer of the specimen. 0.1 mm resolution
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope
201
Used for probing cell culture and uses electrons instead of photons to image cells and structures
Electron microscope
202
Used to view internal cell structures or at molecular level; black and white image; uses electromagnets for lenses; specimen must be very thin
Transmission Electron Microscope
203
Used to view the surface of the cell and specimen is coated with a thin film of heavy metal; uses electron beams to scan object; even very large specimens can be observed;
Scanning Electron Microscope
