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BIO 120 [Microbiology] > Weeks 1-4 (Review) > Flashcards

Weeks 1-4 (Review) Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of living things too small to be seen without magnification

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Microscopic organisms commonly called germs, viruses, or agents

A

Microorganism/Microbes

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3
Q

T/F: Not all microbes can cause disease

A

True

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4
Q

What portion of known microorganisms are pathogenic?

A

Only a small portion, 5%. The rest are free-living

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5
Q

What are the 3 organisms under Linnaean Classification system that is covered by Microbiology

A

Bacteria/Monera, Protista, Fungi

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6
Q

Yes or No: Are acellular entities or agents such as viruses, prions, and viroids considered as microorganisms?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Give the 2 types of cellular organization

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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8
Q

Has no true nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryotic/ Prokaryotes

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9
Q

The dark area that holds the genetic material of prokaryotes is called

A

Nucleoid region

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10
Q

Has true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotic/Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Give examples of membrane-bound organelles found only in Eukaryotes

A

Golgi Apparatus, Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria

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12
Q

These are generally the animal-like protists and do not have cell walls

A

Eukaryotes

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13
Q

Only these organisms have cell walls

A

Plants, Fungi, and Plant-like protists

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14
Q

Component of the cell walls of plants/plant-like protists

A

Cellulose

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15
Q

Component of cell walls of fungi

A

Subunits of monosaccharide and polysaccharide called Chitin

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16
Q

He developed the taxonomic and classification system for naming plants and animals and grouping organisms together

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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17
Q

Give the 5 distinct groups of organism under Linnaean system

A
  1. Kingdom Animalia
  2. Kingdom Plantae
  3. Kingdom Bacteria/Monera
  4. Kingdom Fungi
  5. Kingdom Protista
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18
Q

This is also known as the trash bin kingdom

A

Kingdom Protist

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19
Q

Give two groups of organisms under Kingdom Protista

A
  1. Algae
  2. Protozoa
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20
Q

Also known as photosynthetic protists

A

Algae

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21
Q

Known as heterotrophic protists

A

Protozoa

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22
Q

T/F: Protozoa is only free-living

A

False, protozoa can either be pathogenic or free-living

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23
Q

Give the 3 domain systems of Carolus Linnaeus

A
  1. Domain Bacteria
  2. Domain Archaea
  3. Domain Eukarya
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24
Q

What groups of organisms belong to the Domain Eukarya

A

Plants, animals, protist, fungi

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25
Q

He grouped microorganisms into 6 kingdoms/categories

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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26
Q

6 categories of microorganisms according to Leeuwenhoek

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Fungi
  3. Protozoa
  4. Algae
  5. Archaea
  6. Small animals
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27
Q

Yes or No: Are small animals still considered as microorganisms?

A

No since they are true animals already

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28
Q

5 Kingdoms under the Traditional Whittaker Classification

A
  1. Kingdom Prokaryotae (Monera)
  2. Kingdom Protista
  3. KIngdom Fungae
  4. Kingdom Plantae
  5. Kingdom Animalia
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29
Q

Give the groups of organisms that are both multicellular and eukaryotic

A

Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi

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30
Q

These are eukaryotic organisms that can either be unicellular or multicellular

A

Protista

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31
Q

Give the groups of organisms that are both unicellular and prokaryotic

A

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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32
Q

Traditional Whittaker classification grouped microorganisms on the basis of what?

A

Morphology, Metabolism, Molecular Techniques

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33
Q

What molecular techniques are included for the basis of microorganism classification

A

Fatty Acid Profile, Protein Differentiation, DNA Finger Printing

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34
Q

T/F: DNA sequencing is included in the molecular techniques used for classifying microorganisms

A

False, only DNA Finger printing

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35
Q

The matching of genetic material of one organism to the genetic material of another organism regardless of its sequence

A

DNA finger printing

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36
Q

T/F: If the results of DNA finger printing is high, this means that the two organisms belong to the same species

A

True

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37
Q

This classification of microorganism is already based on genetic sequences

A

Advanced Classification System

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38
Q

What specific part of the gene is used for the genetic sequencing in Advanced Classification System?

A

rRNA / small subunits of rRNA

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39
Q

T/F: rRNA is present in all microorganisms

A

True, that is why they are very good marker for Advanced Classification System of microorganisms

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40
Q

Give the domains under the Advanced Classification System

A
  1. Domain Bacteria
  2. Domain Archaea
  3. Domain Eukarya
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41
Q

This domain can cause diseases to humans and spoilage/changes in food quality

A

Domain Bacteria

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42
Q

What specific groups of organisms can cause pathogens and changes in the quality of food items

A

Proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria

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43
Q

They are drivers of biogeochemical cycles and play an important role in the environment and nutrient cycling

A

Domain Bacteria

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44
Q

This domain is found in extreme environments

A

Domain Archaea

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45
Q

Organisms found in salty environments

A

Halophiles

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46
Q

Organisms found in extreme environments

A

Thermococcus

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47
Q

Methane-loving organisms

A

Methanobacterium

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48
Q

Domain with true nucleus and compartmentalizations

A

Domain Eukarya

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49
Q

Examples of Protozoa under Domain Eukarya

A

Entamoeba, Flagellates, Ciliates, Macroorganisms

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50
Q

Causative agent of Amoebiasis

A

Amoeba from Entamoeba

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51
Q

Causative agent of Trichomoniasis

A

Trichomonads from Flagellates

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52
Q

T/F: Paramecium is a member of Flagellates

A

False, it is a member of Ciliates

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53
Q

T/F: All macroorganisms are not included in the study of microbiology

A

False, smaller fungi such as yeast and molds are part of microbiology. Only larger fungi such as mushrooms and puffballs are not.

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54
Q

Give the eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Fungi, Protozoa and Algae (protists)

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55
Q

These eukaryotic microorganisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic and has cell walls

A

Fungi

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56
Q

What is the mode of heterotrophy of Fungi

A

Absorptive heterotrophy

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57
Q

2 groups of fungi

A

Molds and Yeasts

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58
Q

Fungi that are multicellular, have hyphae, and reproduce by asexual and sexual pores

A

Molds

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59
Q

Fungi that are unicellular and can reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by production of spores

A

Yeast

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60
Q

Animal-like protists that are heterotrophic, unicellular and are either free-living or pathogenic

A

Protozoa

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61
Q

T/F: Protozoa has no cell walls

A

True, only plants and plant-like protist like fungi have cell walls

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62
Q

Mode of heterotrophy of Protozoa

A

Ingestive heterotrophy

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63
Q

These eukaryotic microorganisms are mostly capable of locomotion and they live freely in water (some live in animal hosts)

A

Protozoa

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64
Q

Examples of Pathogenic protozoa

A

Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Trichomonas

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65
Q

This causes malaria

A

Plasmodium

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66
Q

This causes STD to humans

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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67
Q

Examples of free-living protozoa

A

Paramecium

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68
Q

Give the locomotory structures of protozoa

A

Pseudopodia, Cilia, Flagella

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69
Q

These cell extensions allow the organisms to move and gather food via streaming of cytoplasm

A

Pseudopodia

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70
Q

Example organism with pseudopodia

A

Amoeba

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71
Q

These are numerous, short, hair-like protrusions that propel organisms through environment

A

Cilia

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72
Q

Cell extensions that are fewer, longer, and whip-like

A

Flagella

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73
Q

Example organism with cilia

A

Paramecium

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74
Q

These microorganisms are not animal-like but are closer relative of true plants. They are either unicellular/multicellular and can stand alone (do not depend on other organisms for food production)

A

Algae

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75
Q

Yes or No: Can we consider algae as plants?

A

No, because they do not have true plant organs such as roots, stems, leave. They only resemble these organs but not yet well-developed

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76
Q

Algae are categorized based on what factors

A

Pigmentation, storage products, and composition of cell wall

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77
Q

Give the members of prokaryotic microorganisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses

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78
Q

Example of unicellular algae

A

Diatoms

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78
Q

Example of unicellular algae

A

Diatoms

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79
Q

Examples of multicellular algae

A

Sea grapes (edible algae)

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80
Q

These are unicellular and lack nuclei; smaller than eukaryotes; found in extreme environments and with moisture; reproduce asexually

A

Prokaryotes

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81
Q

Two types of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea

82
Q

Cell walls of bacteria contains what component

A

Peptidoglycan

83
Q

T/F: Bacteria always have cell walls

A

False, some lack cell walls

84
Q

T/F: Most bacteria do not cause disease

A

True

85
Q

Give the different shapes of bacteria

A

Spirilla, Cocci, Bacilli

86
Q

Spiral bacteria such as Leptospira (leptospirosis agent)

A

Spirilla

87
Q

A Round-shaped bacteria and give an example

A

Cocci: streptococcus & staphylococcus

88
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria and give an example

A

Bacilli: Lactobacilli

89
Q

Cell walls of Archaea is composed of what

A

Polymers other than peptidoglycan

90
Q

These prokaryotes are not common in mesophilic environment

A

Archaea

91
Q

These microorganisms are very small and are not independently living cellular organisms (cannot reproduce independently, they only mutate)

A

Viruses

92
Q

The lipid membrane/protein that contains the genetic material, DNA or RNA

A

Protein coat

93
Q

Viruses are individually called as

A

Virus particles or virion

94
Q

They are mostly pathogenic but are very host-specific (dependent on host cell)

A

Viruses

95
Q

T/F: All organisms have their viruses

A

True, but they are host-specific

96
Q

These are the only viruses for animals that can be transferred to humans due to adaptations

A

Zoonotic viruses

97
Q

Why are microorganisms especially useful for research?

A
  1. because they have relatively simple structures
  2. because large numbers of microorganisms can be used in an experiment to obtain statistically reliable results at a reasonable cost
  3. because they reproduce quickly; useful for studies involving genes
98
Q

Give the 3 properties exhibited by ALL cells

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Growth
  3. Evolution
99
Q

Give the 3 properties exhibited by SOME cells

A
  1. Differentiation
  2. Communication
  3. Genetic Exchange
  4. Motility
100
Q

What property of cells refers to the formation of new cell structures such as spores

A

Differentiation

101
Q

What property of cells refers to the interaction of cells with each other by chemical messengers

A

Communication

102
Q

Two ways of metabolism for all cells

A

Genetic (transcription, translation, replication) and Catalytic (energy, biosynthesis)

103
Q

This property refers to the conversion of nutrients from the environment into new cell materials to form new cells

A

Growth

104
Q

This property of cells refer to the process by which they evolve to display new properties

A

Evolution

105
Q

Used to capture evolutionary relationships

A

Phylogenetic Trees

106
Q

T/F: In microbiology, growth refers to increase in number, not in size

A

True

107
Q

T/F: All bacteria will undergo differentiation

A

False, only spore-formers such as bacillus and clostridium can differentiate

108
Q

Example of cell communication which serves as a protection of bacterial cells; formation of slimy layer on surfaces of household materials for bacterial survival

A

Biofilm

109
Q

What can cause a bacterial cell to be eventually resistant to an antibiotic

A

Genetic Exchange

110
Q

T/F: Microorganisms are all motile

A

False

111
Q

T/F: Only bacteria can utilize atmospheric nitrogen

A

True

112
Q

This helps in digesting those nutrients that cannot be digested by the human digestive tract

A

Normal Flora

113
Q

This process uses microbes to remove toxins and degrade organic matter that is harmful to the environment

A

Bioremediation

114
Q

This prevents the entry of other pathogenic microorganisms in host’s body (e.g. in the skin) by allowing non-pathogenic organisms to occupy the space in a host’s body instead

A

Normal microbiota

115
Q

Herbivore animals that are used for food production like production of beef and milk

A

Ruminants

116
Q

T/F: Cellulose in plants is not easily digested by both the digestive tract of humans and animals alone

A

True

117
Q

T/F: Our digestive tract has normal flora

A

False, that is why we take them from external source such as drinking Yakult for Lactobacillus

118
Q

T/F: Lactobacillus goes with our fecal matter after a while so we need to replenish it by drinking Yakult the next day

A

True

119
Q

T/F: Cellulose or starch can be converted to glucose using microorganisms

A

True

120
Q

Who created the prototype model of first basic microscope

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

121
Q

This experiment disproved Aristotle’s Theory

A

Redi’s Experiment

122
Q

This theory states that leaving a matter for a long period of time will generate living organisms

A

Aristotle’s Theory

123
Q

Father of Microbiology and proponent of Pasteurization process

A

Louis Pasteur

124
Q

This refers to the action of microorganism which releases undesirable changes to food items, particularly presence of foul smell

A

Putrefaction

125
Q

This microorganism causes the glittering or shimmering effect from paint

A

Algae

126
Q

This person discovered antibiotics

A

Alexander Fleming

127
Q

What was the contaminant found by Alexander Fleming when he was examining the wound samples of the soldiers

A

Penicillium

128
Q

This bacteria causes wound infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus

129
Q

Most famous antibiotic responsible for killing the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus in wound samples of the soldiers based on Fleming’s study

A

Penicillin

130
Q

Developed the Gene Theory of Disease

A

Louis Pasteur

131
Q

Studied causative agents of disease

A

Robert Koch

132
Q

Studied Anthrax and examined colonies of microorganisms

A

Robert Koch

133
Q

This forms when one bacterial cell reproduces and undergoes binary fission for a long time

A

Colony

134
Q

This forms when one bacterial cell reproduces and undergoes binary fission for a long time

A

Colony

135
Q

Discovered simple staining techniques

A

Robert Koch

136
Q

He took the first photomicrograph of bacteria and bacteria in diseased tissue

A

Robert Koch

137
Q

What organism is used for the first photomicrograph of bacteria in diseased tissue

A

Laboratory Mouse

138
Q

He has a significant contribution in estabilishing quantitative microbiology and techniques for estimating CFU/ml or g

A

Robert Koch

139
Q

This study involves the number of bacterial cells in a microbial sample

A

Quantitative microbiology

140
Q

He also discovered the use of steam to sterilize media, use of petri dishes, aseptic techniques, and bacteria as a distinct species

A

Robert Koch

141
Q

T/F: According to Pasteur, different colors, morphology, or presentation of colony indicate different bacterial species

A

False, it was Koch who stated that not Pasteur

142
Q

He noticed that microbial cells under the microscope are very near to the structure or refractive index of water so it is also colorless

A

Robert Koch

143
Q

What was used by Robert Koch to increase the contrast of organisms under the microscope since it is colorless at first

A

Stain or dye

144
Q

State the 4 postulates of Koch

A
  1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
  2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
  3. Cells from the pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
  4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same with the original
145
Q

He discovered the Gonorrhea Disease

A

Albert Neisser

146
Q

Causes Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

147
Q

Discovered malaria

A

Charles Laveran

148
Q

Causes malaria

A

Plasmodium sp. (protozoa)

149
Q

Discovered Anthrax, Tuberculosis, and Cholera

A

Robert Koch

150
Q

Causes Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

151
Q

Causes cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

152
Q

Causes anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

153
Q

Discovered Diphtheria

A

Edwin Klebs

154
Q

Causes Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

155
Q

Discovered Tetanus

A

Shibasaburo Kitasato

156
Q

Causes Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

157
Q

Discovered Tobacco Mosaic Model

A

Dmitri Ivanowski and Martinus Beijerinck

158
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Model is used for

A

Tobacco mosaic virus

159
Q

Discovered Yellow Fever

A

Walter Reed

160
Q

Causes Yellow Fever

A

Flavivirus or Yellow Fever Virus

161
Q

The proponent of handwashing as the most important household and hospital practice

A

Semmelweis

162
Q

He said that microorganisms are ubiquitous/everywhere so aseptic technique must be practiced

A

Lister

163
Q

According to her, everything in the hospital is a source of contamination so all bed sheets and pillow cases must be replaced since they can be a vehicle for disease transmission. Also said that those infected with communicable disease must be separated from those that are not

A

Nightingale (Florence Nightingale)

164
Q

Proponent of infection control and epidemiology

A

Snow

165
Q

Proponent of the field of immunology and vaccines

A

Edward Jenner

166
Q

This is a modification of molecule of the causative agent but it has lesser power. This also allows the body to recognize the pathogen the next time it enters so the individual no longer gets sick

A

Vaccine

167
Q

Proponent of chemotherapy; magic bullets

A

Paul Ehrlich

168
Q

Discovered gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A

Hans Christian Gram

169
Q

Used microbes as model systems for biochemical reactions and practical applications

A

Kluyver and van Niel

170
Q

Manipulations of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

171
Q

Examples of this application of genes are BT corn and production of blood clotting factor for hemophiliacs

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

172
Q

This is very helpful in the age of microbiology because it is the basis of their classification

A

Genes

173
Q

Study of blood serum

A

Serology

174
Q

Discovered the existence of chemicals and cells that fight infection in the blood

A

Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

175
Q

Study of the body’s defense against specific pathogens

A

Immunology

176
Q

Discovered Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

177
Q

Discovered sulfa drugs

A

Domagk

178
Q

Study of frequency, distribution, and spread of disease

A

Epidemiology

179
Q

Study of cause of disease

A

Etiology

180
Q

Study of body’s defense against specific pathogens

A

Immunology

181
Q

Study of development and use of drugs to treat infectious diseases

A

Chemotherapy

182
Q

Study of Hygiene in health care settings and control of nonsocomial infections

A

Infection control

183
Q

describes how many times bigger an object in the microscope

A

magnification

184
Q

T/F: Higher magnification = more powerful

A

True

185
Q

Describes how fine the details and the smallest distance that two adjacent objects can be seen in the microscope

A

Resolution

186
Q

This refers to the fineness, sharpness, and clarity of produced image in microscope

A

Resolution

187
Q

Smallest distance between two distinguishable points

A

Resolution

188
Q

Type of microscope used to study living cells at relatively low magnifications (0.2 mm resolution and 2000x magnification); uses visible light

A

Compound light microscope

189
Q

Type of compound light microscope where specimens are visualized because of the differences in contrast (density) between specimen and surrounding

A

Bright field

190
Q

This improves contrast in microscope

A

staining

191
Q

These are organic compounds that bind to specific cellular materials that improves contrast of specimen under microscope

A

Dyes

192
Q

Differential stain used to separate bacteria into groups (gram + and gram -)

A

Gram Stain

193
Q

Improve contrast of a sample without the use of a stain

A

Phase contrast

194
Q

Invented phase contract

A

Frits Zernike

195
Q

Type of compound light microscope amplifies differences in the refractive index of cell and surroundings

A

Phase ring

196
Q

Type of compound light microscope that allows visualization of live samples and the resulting images is dark cells on a dark background

A

Phase ring

197
Q

Type of compound light microscope where light reaches the specimen from the sides and image appears light on a dark background. Best for observing motility

A

Dark-field

198
Q

Uses fluorescent dye and visualizes specimens that fluoresce. Best for enumerating bacteria in natural samples

A

Fluorescence microscope

199
Q

3D imaging of cells and uses polarizer to create two distinct

A

Differential Interference Microscope

200
Q

uses computerized microscope coupled with laser source to generate a 3D image. Focuses the laser on single layer of the specimen. 0.1 mm resolution

A

Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope

201
Q

Used for probing cell culture and uses electrons instead of photons to image cells and structures

A

Electron microscope

202
Q

Used to view internal cell structures or at molecular level; black and white image; uses electromagnets for lenses; specimen must be very thin

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

203
Q

Used to view the surface of the cell and specimen is coated with a thin film of heavy metal; uses electron beams to scan object; even very large specimens can be observed;

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

BIO 120 [Microbiology] (1 decks)

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