Weeks 1-3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Population

A

The entire collection of events in which you are interested

E.g. all men, all women, all Deakin students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sample

A

Subset of the population that is being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parameter

A

Any value we obtain that is characteristic of the population

E.g. the average income of Australian office workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Used to describe the data by summarising, determining averages and ranges.
Makes large amounts of data more manageable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Used when we want to answer research questions

I.e. When we infer the behaviour of the population based on the dataset recovered from the sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The difference between the sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter (because our data will never be 100% accurate)

A

Sampling error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Variable

A

Something that can take on different values

E.g. Age, speed, time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A variable that has a limited number of values

E.g. Gender, set categories

A

Discrete variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A variable that can take on different valuesE.g. Time, age, IQ

A

Continuous variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dependant variable

A

The variable which is observed for differences / changes.
Influenced by the IV.
E.g. Levels of depression in control vs treatment groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Independant variable

A

The variable which is manipulated by the research.
The IV influences the DV.
E.g. Group membership - participants assigned to either high or low anxiety groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Measurement data

A

Generally the mean, variance, and standard deviation

E.g. Mean age of students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Categorical data

A

Generally percentages and frequencies

E.g. 25% were female, 12% had black hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nominal measurement scale

A

Categories with different names, no underlying scale, and no ordering.
E.g. Religion, hair colour, gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ordinal measurement scale

A

Categories with different names and organised into an ordered sequence, however distance between categories is unknown
E.g. Degree of illness (none, mild, moderate, severe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Interval measurement scale

A

Equal distances between points on the scale.
Generally many more points than on an ordinal scale, usually continuous data.
No true zero point.
E.g. Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ratio measurement scale

A

Equal distances between points on the scale AND has true zero point.
E.g. Time, length, age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the different kinds of measurement scales?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Frequency distribution

A

How often each score appears on in a dataset.

Can be difficult to determine trends in larger datasets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Same info as a frequency distribution, but graphically illustrated.

A

Histogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stem and leaf plots

A

Can summarise data in a simple way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Normal distribution

A

Most scores in the middle, fewer in the extremes

23
Q

Bi-model distribution

A

When a frequency distribution has two peaks

24
Q

Positive skew

A

Most scores at the low end of the scale

25
Q

Negative skew

A

Most scores at the high end of the scale

26
Q

Kurtosis

A

Refers to how flat or peaked the distribution appears

27
Q

Leptokurtic

A

Distribution characterised by high peak at the centre of the scale

28
Q

Platykurtic

A

Distribution is flatter, with less scores in the centre

29
Q

Central tendency

A

The tendency of a random variable to cluster around is mean, median, or mode

30
Q

Variability

A

How good is the mean as a representation of the data?

31
Q

Low variability

A

The mean is a good representation of the data

32
Q

High variability

A
The mean is a bad representation of the data.
The mean deviates significantly from the data points.
E.g. 
12
1
78
10
148
Mean = 50
33
Q

Average deviation

A
  1. Calculate the mean
  2. Calculate how much each score deviates from the mean
  3. Calculate average of the deviation
34
Q

Absolute deviations

A

When only absolute values are used (remove the negative factor)

35
Q

Variance
Represented by?
Useful for?
Equation?

A

Measures how far a set of numbers is spread out from their average value
Represented by s2 or σ2
Most common measures of variability.
Crucial for inferential statistical methods

s2 = Σ(x - x̅)2 / N - 1

I.e. sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by N - 1

36
Q

Standard deviation
Equation?
Correlation with variance?

A

Shows how much values differ from the mean.
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

Standard deviation = σ = √[Σ(x - x̅)2 / N - 1]

  1. Calculate the deviations
  2. Square the deviations to get absolute deviations
  3. Sum of the deviations
  4. Divide the sum by (n - 1)
  5. Square root of remaining value
37
Q
Mean = 0
σ = 1
A

Standard normal distribution

38
Q

Z-scores

Equation?

A

Indicates how far from the mean a data point is

z = (x - x̅) / σ

39
Q

μ

A

mean of population

40
Q

σ

A

Standard deviation

‘s’ commonly used in lieu

41
Q

A

mean

42
Q

Setting probable limits on z
Definition?
Use?
Equation?

A

Allows researchers to set limits on a score to establish a certain degree of confidence in their results.
Usually employ 95% confidence intervals so that they can say they are 95% confident in their results.

x = μ ± z-score x σ

43
Q

Sampling error

A

Difference in means between population and sample

44
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

Being able to test our hypothesis to determine whether we discount chance errors in the result or if there is a meaningful result

45
Q

Sampling distributions

A

Degree of variability between samples we can expect to see by chance.
Using sampling distribution we can say how likely it is that we will find a particular sample mean within a population.

46
Q

Standard error

A

Average distance between a sample mean and a population mean

Mean difference
/
Difference expected by chance (standard error)

47
Q

Hypothesis

A

Specific, testable predictions

48
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that there is no difference between certain characteristics in a population.
The starting point for any statistical test.

49
Q

Type I error

A

When we erroneously reject a true null hypothesis

I.e. When we say something is significant, but it isn’t

50
Q

Type II error

A

When we fail to a show that a statistic is significant when it really is

51
Q

One-tailed test

A

One directionality displayed in a test

52
Q

Two-tailed test

A

No directionality specific test

53
Q

Directionality

A

Predicting the direction of difference

E.g. We predict that the mean will be higher than the population