Weeks 1-3 Flashcards
Population
The entire collection of events in which you are interested
E.g. all men, all women, all Deakin students
Sample
Subset of the population that is being studied
Parameter
Any value we obtain that is characteristic of the population
E.g. the average income of Australian office workers
Descriptive statistics
Used to describe the data by summarising, determining averages and ranges.
Makes large amounts of data more manageable.
Inferential statistics
Used when we want to answer research questions
I.e. When we infer the behaviour of the population based on the dataset recovered from the sample
The difference between the sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter (because our data will never be 100% accurate)
Sampling error
Variable
Something that can take on different values
E.g. Age, speed, time
A variable that has a limited number of values
E.g. Gender, set categories
Discrete variable
A variable that can take on different valuesE.g. Time, age, IQ
Continuous variable
Dependant variable
The variable which is observed for differences / changes.
Influenced by the IV.
E.g. Levels of depression in control vs treatment groups
Independant variable
The variable which is manipulated by the research.
The IV influences the DV.
E.g. Group membership - participants assigned to either high or low anxiety groups
Measurement data
Generally the mean, variance, and standard deviation
E.g. Mean age of students
Categorical data
Generally percentages and frequencies
E.g. 25% were female, 12% had black hair
Nominal measurement scale
Categories with different names, no underlying scale, and no ordering.
E.g. Religion, hair colour, gender
Ordinal measurement scale
Categories with different names and organised into an ordered sequence, however distance between categories is unknown
E.g. Degree of illness (none, mild, moderate, severe)
Interval measurement scale
Equal distances between points on the scale.
Generally many more points than on an ordinal scale, usually continuous data.
No true zero point.
E.g. Temperature
Ratio measurement scale
Equal distances between points on the scale AND has true zero point.
E.g. Time, length, age
What are the different kinds of measurement scales?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Frequency distribution
How often each score appears on in a dataset.
Can be difficult to determine trends in larger datasets.
Same info as a frequency distribution, but graphically illustrated.
Histogram
Stem and leaf plots
Can summarise data in a simple way