Weeks 1-3 Flashcards
What is the role of Wernickes area?
language comprehension
What is the role of Brocas area?
speech formation
what are the 5 taste groups?
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, unami
what are the two types of sensory systems?
sensing internal environment and the external environment.
what is the job of the vagus nerve?
sensing the internal environment.
goes round lungs, liver, intestines etc everywhere
what is proprioception?
the body’s ability to sense movement within joints and joint position. This ability enables us to know where our limbs are in space without having to look.
what is the law of specific nerve energies?
Receptors are (usually) specific to a particular modality.
what does adequate stimulus mean?
The modality to which a receptor responds best.
what is transduction?
Conversion of physical energy to a receptor potential in the receptor neuron
meissner corpuscle?
?
pacinian corpuscle?
?
ruffini’s corpuscles?
?
Merkel’s disks?
?
what is an afferent neuron?
A neuron in the peripheral nervous system that conducts action potentials to the central nervous system
cortexs n stuff diagram
lecture 2 diagram.
what is a somatotopic map?
touch, areas allocated based on where they receive info from.
how does a cochlear implant work?
microphone implanted behind ear, includes amplifier and freq splitter.
wires carrying different freq come out the wire, freq are split.
patient GO?
darts player, got bad, problems with sensory peripheral nerves in hand, motor nerves fine.
stimulated finger, recorded at elbow. APs reached wrist, but not elbow.
Stereognosia
what is stereognosia?
unable to perceive and recognize the form of an object in the absence of visual and auditory information by using tactile information.
describe sea squirts.
no need for sensory info for adult sea squirt, since it sits on a rock.
senses guide action in environment, they have no need for it.
role of microvilli on taste cells?
increase surface area.
what cranial nerves are involved in the taste pathway?
Three cranial nerves involved (VII, facial; IX, glossopharyngeal; X, vagus)
where do taste axons go?
All taste axons enter the brainstem and together enter the gustatory nucleus (also known as solitary nuclues), where they form synapses with other neurones which continue in different directions, including the thalamus (projections from which project to primary gustatory cortex), amygdala and hypothalamus
how many tastes do receptor cells taste for?
Distinct receptor cells express receptors for one single taste
describe the response of taste cells.
graded changes in polarisation and NT release, not APs.
describe the resting potential of taste cells.
Resting potential
Sodium/potassium exchanger ensures high intracellular [K+] and high extracellular [Na+]
Leakage K+ channels allow K+ to leave the cell, establish potential
describe how we taste salt
High extracellular Na+ enter cell at microvilli through Na-selective ion channel or open Na-regulated cation channels. leads to vesicles fusing and NT release.
Depolarisation
describe how we taste sour
Proton donors (ie acids), H+ open cation channels in microvilli or carry charge directly into cell.
Depolarisation
how do we taste umami?
Amino acids, in humans especially glutamate.
heteromer GPCR, T1R1:T1R3
GBy activates PLC, makes IP3 causes release of Ca from intracellular stores.
activates cation channels which depolarises the cell.
how do we taste sweet?
A large number of natural (eg sucrose, fructose, amino acids) and synthetic (eg saccharin) compounds.
heteromer GPCR: T1R2:T1R3
same as umami,
GBy, PLC, IP3, Ca, cation
how do we taste bitter?
A wide variety of natural and synthetic compounds
Large family (30) TAS2R genes, GPCR. highly selective.
why do we have more bitter taste receptors?
ability to taste toxins.
what is Gustducin?
a G protein associated with taste and the gustatory system, found in some taste receptor cells. Research on the discovery and isolation of gustaducin is recent. It is known to play a large role in the transduction of bitter, sweet and umami stimuli.
PTC?
The PTC taster/non-taster polymorphism has evolved at least twice in primate evolution
PTC non-tasters do not ‘lack’ TAS2R38
Could the non-PTC sensitive TAS2R38 alleles detect other bitter compounds?
Heterozygote advantage
flavour?
olfaction, temp, texture etcetc.
what is a learned negative?
seasick and eat shellfish, seasick made you ill but you associate with shellfish.
can’t eat again.
describe odorants.
volatile, hydrophobic, lipophylic and organic molecules (carbon based).
describe the olfactory epithelium
olfactory sensory neurones:
cilia in mucus.
axons go directly to the olfactory bulb in brain.
fire AP in response to odorants.
basal cells regenerate olfactory sensory neurones if they die
mucus is aqueous, odorants are hydrophobic, howwut?
binding proteins for odorants, hydrophobic core and hydrophilic outside.
forms a complex and presents to receptors on the cilia.
proteins produced by the lateral nasal gland.
what is the protein?
describe the receptors on the cilia.
GPCR.
how do GPCR work?
extra and intra domains.
Ga, B & y subunits.
Ga separates from B and y subunits.
what does what?