Weeks 1-3 Flashcards
Which of the following study designs is considered an experimental study design?
c) Randomized controlled trial
Which of the following is a key characteristic of a cohort study?
b) Participants are followed over time to determine if they develop the disease of interest.
In a cross-sectional study, what type of cases can be measured?
b) Prevalent cases
What is a key limitation of cross-sectional studies?
d) They cannot establish temporality.
Which of the following is an advantage of a retrospective cohort study?
a) It is well-suited for rare outcomes.
A study identifies individuals based on their disease status and compares their exposure histories. What type of study is this?
b) Case-control study
What is a major advantage of nested case-control studies compared to traditional case-control studies?
c) They allow for direct estimates of risk and less bias.
What is a key characteristic of an open (dynamic) cohort?
d) It may gain members over time.
What measure of disease is used in closed cohort studies?
b) Cumulative incidence
What is the primary purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
b) To balance confounding variables among treatment groups.
Which of the following is a measure of incidence?
c) Cumulative incidence
When calculating cumulative incidence using the interval method, what must be accounted for?
c) Both deaths and losses to follow-up.
In a Kaplan-Meier analysis, how are intervals defined?
c) A new interval begins each time an event occurs.
What does the odds ratio in a case-control study primarily estimate?
b) Probability odds ratio of disease
When can the odds ratio be interpreted as a direct estimate of the relative risk?
b) When controls are a sample of the total population at baseline
The point prevalence rate ratio (PRR) is used in which type of study design?
c) Cross-sectional study
What is Attributable Risk (AR) based on?
b) The absolute difference between two risk estimates
The Population Attributable Risk (PAR) estimates what?
b) The proportion of cases in a population that are attributable to an exposure
Which of Hill’s considerations of causality is the most important according to the sources?
c) None of the Hill’s considerations can provide indisputable evidence for or against causation.
According to the source, can epidemiological studies definitively prove causation?
c) No, no epidemiological study can definitively establish causation.
