Weeks 1-3 Flashcards
Ambient Monitoring
-to measure concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air (direct emissions)
List Some Primary Pollutants
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- PM(2.5), PM(10)
-Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
-Toxic Metals (Lead, mercury, arsenic)
List some Secondary Pollutants
-Ground-level ozone (O3)
-Photochemical oxidants
-Atmospheric acids (H2SO4, HNO3)
-Secondary Particulate Matter
Photochemical Smog
-Smog occurring in the summer
NO + HC + O2 + sunlight -> No2 + o3
London Smog
Smog that occurs in the winter
SO2 + particles + high humidity -> smog
Temperature Increase (air pollution effects on climate change)
Temperature Increase (air pollution effects on climate change)
Temperature decrease (air pollution effects on climate change)
-Reduced incoming radiation energy due to air pollution
Primary Standards
- provide public health protection, including protecting the health of “sensitive” populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly
The Emission Standard Philosophy
-Cleanest air philosophy
-pollution emissions rates would be lowest possible
-the best tech is used when emission rate is not available
The Air Quality Standard Philosophy
- “zero-damage” philosophy
-ensure that NAAQS will not be exceeded
Emission Tax Philosophy
-not in use in pure form anywhere in the world
-implement tax each emitter of major pollutants according to emission rate
- can be considered as economic incentives
Pollution Tax
- tax imposed on polluters to discourage pollution
Ecotax
-taxes to promote environmentally friendly activities
Emission Trading
-market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions
Cap and Trade
-limit on overall emissions from emitting industry sectors, reduced each year (Cap)
- within the limit companies can buy and sell emission allowances as needed (Trade)
Give the AQI (Air Quality Index) Values with their health concerns
(0-50) Good
(50-100) Moderate
(100-150) Unhealthy for sensitive groups
(150-200) Unhealthy
(200-300) Very Unhealthy
(300+ ) Hazardous
Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> Gravimetric Method
Pollutants:
Pollutants: Particulate Matter, TSP, PM10, PM2.5
Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> West-Gaeke Method
Pollutants:
Pollutants: Sulfur Oxide
Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> Chemiluminescent
Pollutant(s):
Pollutant: Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide
Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> Non-dispersive infared (NDIR) adsorption
Pollutant(s):
Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide
Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> Flame Ionization detection (FID)
Pollutant(s):
Pollutants: Hydrocarbons (non-methane)
Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> TSP Filter
Pollutant(s):
Pollutant: Lead (Pb)
What is the general equation for emission estimation
E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)
E= emissions
A= activity rate
EF = emission factor
ER= Overall emission reduction efficiency %
The emission factor for CO for coal combustion in large furnaces is 0.5 lb/ton. What is the corresponding emission factor for automobiles, in lb CO/ton of fuel burned. The permitted CO emission for new cars is 3.4 g/mile. Assume that the fuel economy is 25 mi/gal and the gasoline density is 0.67 kg/L
Solution:
E =A * EF
= (3.4 * 25)/ (.67 * 1000) = .0335 * (1/454)/(1/454.1000) = 67 lb/ton
Is turbulence good?
yea, the more turbulence the higher mixing, which will lower the pollutant concentration
Environmental Lapse Rate (E)
Actual change of temp with height
Unstable if greater than 9.8 c/km
Stable if less than 9.8 c/km
Dry Adiabatic lapse rate (A or /-
-change in temp of a parcel of air as it moves upward w/out exchanging heat w/ its surroundings
List when the atmospheric stability is
- unstable
- neutral
- weakly stable
- strongly stable
with respects to (A and E)
E > A Unstable
E = A. Neutral
E < A Weakly stable
E «_space;A Strongly Stable
Planetary Boundary Later (PBL)
- atmospehric layer adjacent to the surface in which mixing occurs
- depth of the atmopsher where turbulent mixing takes place
