weekly quizzes Flashcards
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because:
the solution is immediately obvious
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving:
reorganisation or restructuring
The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate:
representation and restructuring
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice is an example of?
functional fixedness
A ___ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string.
swinging
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from:
seeing more efficient solutions to the problem
The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving:
search
The typical purpose of subgoals is to:
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.
target; source
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?
being an expert in one field can transfer to being a better problem solver in another field
Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.
inductive
Consider the following argument:
Observation: Here in Winchester, the sun has risen every morning.
Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Winchester tomorrow.
the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.
Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia’s observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using:
An illusionary correlation
If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer’s judgments are biased by the operation of the:
confirmation bias
utility refers to
outcomes that achieve a person’s goals
people tend to overestimate
what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted “junk” mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _____ bias.
status quo
If you are given the information that in order to vote in an election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.
deductive
Consider the following syllogism:
All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable.
It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as:
valid because this conclusion is believable.
The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, “If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side.” Let’s say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing:
A and 13.
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968) Multi-store Model of Memory is composed of:
sensory stores, short term memory store, and long term memory store.
Double-dissociations from brain damaged patients (such as HM and KF) gives support for what?
the multi-store model
The Episodic Buffer was added to the Working Memory Model in order to address which limitation?
the binding problem
What do free recall tasks require?
Both primacy and recency effects portray high rates of correctly recalled items.
What is the binding problem about?
Binding features that are stored in separate memory systems to interact coherently.
There will be greater memory for items that:
are related to emotions.
The word length effect predict that:
In a free recall task, more short words recalled than long words.
The resting membrane potential is:
-70mV
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad consists of:
the visual cache and inner scribe.
True or false: Action potentials are initiated at the axon hillock and are then conducted down the axon.
true
The “filter model” proposes that the filter identifies the attended messages based on:
physical characteristics
Broadbent’s model is called an early selection model because:
the filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
A high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
In Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented “frames,” divided attention was easier
once processing had become automatic
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman’s attenuation theory of selective attention?
dictionary unit
