weekly quizzes Flashcards
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because:
the solution is immediately obvious
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving:
reorganisation or restructuring
The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate:
representation and restructuring
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice is an example of?
functional fixedness
A ___ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string.
swinging
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from:
seeing more efficient solutions to the problem
The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving:
search
The typical purpose of subgoals is to:
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.
target; source
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?
being an expert in one field can transfer to being a better problem solver in another field
Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.
inductive
Consider the following argument:
Observation: Here in Winchester, the sun has risen every morning.
Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Winchester tomorrow.
the argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.
Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia’s observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using:
An illusionary correlation
If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer’s judgments are biased by the operation of the:
confirmation bias
utility refers to
outcomes that achieve a person’s goals
people tend to overestimate
what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted “junk” mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _____ bias.
status quo
If you are given the information that in order to vote in an election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.
deductive
Consider the following syllogism:
All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable.
It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as:
valid because this conclusion is believable.
The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, “If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side.” Let’s say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing:
A and 13.
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968) Multi-store Model of Memory is composed of:
sensory stores, short term memory store, and long term memory store.
Double-dissociations from brain damaged patients (such as HM and KF) gives support for what?
the multi-store model
The Episodic Buffer was added to the Working Memory Model in order to address which limitation?
the binding problem
What do free recall tasks require?
Both primacy and recency effects portray high rates of correctly recalled items.
What is the binding problem about?
Binding features that are stored in separate memory systems to interact coherently.
There will be greater memory for items that:
are related to emotions.
The word length effect predict that:
In a free recall task, more short words recalled than long words.
The resting membrane potential is:
-70mV
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad consists of:
the visual cache and inner scribe.
True or false: Action potentials are initiated at the axon hillock and are then conducted down the axon.
true
The “filter model” proposes that the filter identifies the attended messages based on:
physical characteristics
Broadbent’s model is called an early selection model because:
the filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
A high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
In Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented “frames,” divided attention was easier
once processing had become automatic
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman’s attenuation theory of selective attention?
dictionary unit
The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one’s eyes can help reveal the shifting of one’s ____ attention.
overt.
Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the _____ location.
cued
The Stroop effect demonstrates people’s inability to ignore the ____ of words.
meaning
the cocktail part effect is:
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.
In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants’ processing of when they were ____ of that word.
ambiguous sentences; unaware
The speed of sound through air is:
340 meters per second
A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ____________, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.
fundamental frequency
The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz
20 and 20,000
Pitch is primarily determined by the ______ of the sound wave
frequency
the outer ear consists of:
the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane.
the role of the middle ear is:
to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid.
The motion of the basilar membrane results in:
direct stimulation of hair cell cilia.
Which of the following is NOT a coordinate system for auditory localization?
time
The cue of interaural level difference is
not effective for low-frequency sound stimuli
From the auditory nerve, information is passed through a sequence of subcortical structures. Which of the following reflects the correct sequence?
cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus
The smallest part of a word that has meaning is called:
morpheme
In the spreading-activation theory (e.g., Dell, 1989) the notion that activation of a node (corresponding to the semantic level or the morphological level) causes some activation to spread to several related nodes is called
spreading activation
A form of speech error in which the incorrect word spoken is related to the correct one in terms of meaning and sound is called:
mixed errors
The mental store of detailed information (orthographic, phonological, semantic and syntactic) about words is called:
lexicon
The frustrating experience of being unable to find the correct word to describe a given concept or idea is called:
tip-of-the-tongue state.
it waits to pay (pays to wait) is an example of?
morpheme exchange error
Dopamine plays a role in Schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Disease in which of the following ways…
Decreased levels in Parkinson’s, increased levels in Schizophrenia
Cognitive theories of Schizophrenia include:
Deficits in Theory of Mind, Attributional Theories, Attentional Theories
Typical results from the Emotional Stroop Test with Schizophrenia patients show…
Slower reaction times for naming colours of words related to patients’ delusions
Attributional/Information Processing Theories of Schizophrenia argue that…
hallucinations and delusions cause and maintain each other
Which of the following types of addiction raise dopamine levels in the brain, potentially contributing to addiction and substance abuse?
both biological and behaviour factors raise dopamine levels
Addiction can be thought of as similar to Schizophrenia because
Impulsivity and risk-taking behaviour are related to both and raised levels of dopamine play a role in both.
A major component of Beck’s theory of depression is the negative triad, made up of…
a negative view of the self, world and future
Common treatment approaches to both schizophrenia and depression involve….
identifying and challenging thoughts
Stroop Task, Interpretational Bias Task, and Dichotic Listening Task have been modified to show that depressed individuals ….
show a bias towards negative stimuli
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia include deficits in what area?
language
The task that involves saying a printed word out loud as quickly as possible is called:
naming task
What term is concerned with the sound of words?
Phonology
According to the dual-route cascaded model of reading (Coltheart, et al. 2001), a patient that reads using Route 1 can read:
Words with regular spelling-to-sound correspondence but not irregular words.
The distributed connectionist approach to reading put forward by Plaut et al (1996) is also known as…..
one-route model
______ is a task in which visually presented words are pronounced aloud rapidly.
naming task
naming task consists of
Saying a printed word out loud as quickly as possible
______________ are words spelled in the same way but have two different meanings and sometimes two different pronunciations (e.g., Reading a book/Reading station).
homophones
Semantic priming is the finding that word recognition is facilitated by the prior presentation of a __________ related word.
semantically
Non-words consisting of string of letters that can be pronounced. (e.g., mantiness) are called:
pseudowords
_________ is a condition in which familiar words can be read but there is impaired ability to read unfamiliar words and pseudowords.
phonological dyslexia
A condition in which regular words can be read but there is impaired ability to read irregular or exception words, is called:
surface dyslexia
The orthographic input lexicon is part of the long-term memory in which ______________ are stored.
the spelling of learned words
mental imagery involves
experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
Shepard and Meltzer (1971) measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
mental chronometry
Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company’s CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing’s first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?
30 degrees
Shepard and Meltzer’s (1971) “Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects” experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms
Kosslyn et al. (1978) island experiment used the ____ procedure.
imagine scanning
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.
spatial
Mental-scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image
The “imagery debate” is concerned with whether imagery
is based on spatial or language mechanisms
Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?
The tacit-knowledge explanation
