Weekly quiz questions Flashcards
Are low (<0.01Gy/min) or higher dose rates (>1Gy/min) more effective at cell kill?
Higher dose rates are more effective at cell kill
DNA damage is the biological effect of radiation for which level of study?
Molecular Level
The inhibition of cell division is the biological effect of radiation for which level of study?
Cellular Level
Death is the biological effect of radiation for which level of study?
Whole animal
Genetic is the biological effect of radiation for which level of study?
Population
What are the possible outcomes of cell damage due to radiation?
- the cell might incorrectly repair itself (mutate/ modified cell)
- Injured or damaged cells may repair themselves through the body’s defence mechanisms, resulting in no residual damage
- The cell may die
Lesions in the DNA occur at which phase?
chemical phase
What are possible DNA damages that results from radiation?
base damage
intercalation
cross links
point lesions
What are possible cell damages that result from radiation?
interruption of the cell’s food supply
membrane rupture
damage to lysosomes
damage to the nucleus and DNA
What type of strand break occurs most often?
single
“the greatest amount of strand breaks in DNA is ____ strand breaks”
Which form of oxygen are involved in the oxygen enhancement effect?
elemental oxygen within the cell
Tumours which have areas of hypoxic cells and therefore more difficult to control with low LET ionising radiation are called?
radio resistant
Which effect (indirect or direct) is the most important mechanism in causing damage from low LET radiation?
the indirect effect is the most important as it causes about 2/3 of the total damage
Graphs of cell sensitivity versus phase of the cell cycle are called?
Age response curves
The cell survival curve has several mathematical models which provide possible descriptions. One models assumes that each cell needs to be hit once only to cause reproductive death. This model is called?
single-sarge, single-hit model
Three possible mathematical descriptions of the cell survival curve are?
single-target, single-hit model
Multitarget, single-hit model
the linear-quadratic model
What is the effect that: when a free radical is formed within a cell and goes on to damage the DNA?
this is called the indirect effect
Which deterministic effects following whole body irradiation is most likely to be successfully treated with antibiotics and/or bone marrow transplants?
Hematopoietic syndrome resulting from 3-8 Gy may be treated with antiobiotics and/or bone marrow transplants. Without such treatment death will occur in 3-8 weeks.
What are the known causes for the reduction of the number of circulating blood cells in relation to the Haemotopoietic syndrome?
loss by haemorrhage
direct destruction of circulating white blood cells
With the cerebrovascular syndrome, much higher doses are required to produce death when just the head is irradiation as opposed to a whole boy irradiation. True or False?
True
Do deterministic effects have a threshold (i.e. are they observed with even the smallest of doses?)
There is a dose threshold for deterministic effects, below which no effect is observed.
The phenomenon that radiation effects are less pronounced in some cells that have received a prior radiation dose is called?
Adaptive response
According to ICRP60, which dose rates are most likely to cause permanent sterility in women?
a single dose of 2.5Gy
a prolonged dose of 0.2 Gy per year
A group of cells is irradiated by shows no effect. Several generations later, effects do start to show up. This phenomenon is called?
Genomic instability