Week3: Protein Synthesis (lecture) Flashcards
What is the promoter region?
a sequence of DNA needed to turn a gene on or off.
The process of transcription is initiated at the promoter. Usually found near the beginning of a gene, the promoter has a binding site for the enzyme used to make a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
RNA Processing
What is an exon?
Portions of genes that encode amino acids and are retained after the primary mRNA transcript is spliced.
What is an intron?
DNA sequence found between two exons. It is transcribed into primary mRNA but is spliced out in the formation of the mature mRNA transcript.
What is the central dogma of biology?
- the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein.
- DNA transcribed to RNA then translated to initial protein and final protein
DNA → transcription → mRNA → translation → protein.
What bases are in RNA?
A, C, U, G
Alternative Splicing
Some genes contain for alternative splice sites which allow the same transcript to be spliced in different ways from the same gene, resulting in different proteins
errors in splicing is a form of mutation that can lead to genetic disease
What is the structure of amino acids?
- Functional (R) group is what makes the amino acid different
- amino terminal on left
- carboxylacid part of right
Gene Expression
the activation of a gene leading to the transcription, translation, and synthesis of a specific protein
Protein Synthesis
the selective activation of a gene, resulting in its transcription and translation into the production of the appropriate protein
Gene Structure and Function- image
What are the 3 regions?
RNA vs. DNA
What is transcription?
The process of creating an mRNA from a DNA template
What are splisosomes?
The proteins and RNA that facilitate RNA splicing
What are chromatin, euchromatin, heterochromatin
Genetic Code
what is a codon, how many, stop, start
DNA Triplets, Codons, and Aminio Acids
What is translation?
What is tRNA?
- tRNA components are nb to help tanslate the mRNA into amino acid sequences
- has RNA strands of about 80 nucleotides
- clover leaf shape
- Each tRNA has a site at the 3’ end for the attactment of a specific amino acid via covalent bond
- At the opposite end of the clover leaf is a sequence of 3 nucleotides called the anti-condon. Which goes under complimentary base pairing with an apppropriate codon on the mRNA. This attached amino acid is then transfered to the poly peptide chain being synthesized.
In this way, mRNA specifies the sequence of amino acids by acting through tRNA
Translation and the Ribosome
Forming a peptide bond
- the bonds that join amino acids together form a peptide bond
- Covalent bond between the c terminus of one amino acid, and the n terminus of another
Summary slide of translation at the molecular level
Translation
Proteins and post translational
Protein function is determined by
