Week.13.Pesticides,Pesticide Management, Equipment, Laws & Regulations. Flashcards
In 2009 over 544,000,000 lbs. of pesticides were produced. It is estimated that ____ lbs. of pesticides are used annually in the USA and 5.6 billion lbs. are used worldwide.
1 billion lbs.
Conventional insecticide disadvantages include (4)…
-Pest resistance, and decreasing effectiveness with use.
-Pest resurgence.
-Pest replacement.
-Negative impact on non target species like honeybees, fish, and other wildlife.
-The goal of IPM is to use insecticides as last alternative, and to obtain maximum benefits with minimal risks.
-It is important to understand these chemicals to be able to meet these goals.
Pesticides Include (5)….
-Insecticides.
-Herbicides.
-Acaricides.
-Fungicides.
-Nematicides.
Formal process by which insecticides are named. Insecticides are designated by three names: (3)
-The approved common name.
-The trade name.
-The chemical name.
In the United States the common name for insecticides is selected by the _____ ___ of America and approved by the American National Standards Institute.
Entomological Society
The insecticide trade name is the proprietary name or brand name, given by the ____ or ____ (Registered trademark). More than one manufacturer may hold patent rights to a compound.
manufacturer or formulator
-The chemical name provides a description of the insecticide structure. Represent the composition of the chemical compounds.
:)
Stomach poisons enter the insect through the ___and are fatal only if eaten. (Boric Acid)
gut
_____ insecticides are taken up or translocated within plants or animals. Insects feeding on protected host ingest the chemical and are killed. Systemic insecticides mostly kill piercing sucking insects.
Systemic insecticides
___ insecticides affect piercing sucking insects because they receive a greater dose than chewing insects feeding on the same plant.
Systemic insecticides
____ poisons are the major group of modern insecticides. They usually enter the body when the insect walks or crawls over a treated area. Insecticide usually absorbed through the body wall.
Contact poisons
____ are insecticides that become gasses at temperature above 5 C.
Fumigants
Insecticides are classified Organic or Inorganic.
Most modern insecticides are organic, and they are further subdivided between natural and synthetic.
Natural insecticides are produced by refining natural substances. These consist mainly of botanical insecticides made of plants and mineral oils derived from petroleum.
Most chemicals used today are synthetic.
The most precise method of grouping insecticides is according to their chemical makeup (active ingredient). There are 3 major classes: (3)
-Organophosphates.
-Carbamates.
-Pyrethroids.
________ are derived from phosphoric acid and are some of the most toxic insecticides. They are cholinesterase inhibitors. Antagonizes nervous systems.
Organophosphates
Organophosphates use has declined significantly since the ___s.
80’s.
____ is derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium. Pyrethroids are synthetics resembling pyrethrum.
Pyrethrum
-Pyrethrum are highly toxic to insects in low rates. There is less recovery of insect compared to the natural product.
-Fastest developing group of modern insecticides.
______
()Break down more slowly than the natural compound.
()They are effective on plant foliage for 4-7 days.
()They are more affordable.
()Their mode of effect is blocking the sodium channel in the axons of the nerves.
Pyrethroids
-In general, Pyrethroid insecticides are broad spectrum and will affect both beneficial and non beneficial organism. Many of the products used today are in this category.
-Fourth generation pyrethroids are more potent than third generation. Their application rates is one tenth of the third-generation product with equal effectiveness. Research is continued to be done in this category of pesticide.
_____
()Broad spectrum insecticides and nematicide. Inhibitors of cholinesterase.
()Derived from carbamic acid.
()Toxic to Hymenoptera (pollinator and parasitoids), birds and humans.
()Mostly used in fruit production as a plant systemic. (Carbofuran, Furadane).
()Are restricted use pesticides.
Carbamates
_____
()Relatively new class of synthetic insecticides.
()Resemble natural nicotine.
()The class has been represented by the compound Imidaclopird.
()A systemic and contact insecticide with primary activity on piercing-sucking insects such as aphids, leafhoppers, thrips and whitefly.
()Its mode of action is quite different from many conventional insecticides.
Neonicotinoids
_____
()Directly derived from plants of plant products.
()With the exception of sulfur, they are the oldest insecticides in use.
()However, as a group they are no safer than synthetics.
()Botanicals are expensive to extract, and they are impractical to use in commercial agriculture but have a niche in organic agriculture.
Botanical Insecticides
Common Botanical Insecticides include:
()Pyrethrum.
()Azadiractins (NEEM OIL).
()Nicotine (Very toxic to insects and humans, discontinued from market).
()D-limonene a more recent botanical to reach market. Extracted from Orange peel.
()Rotenone second most used botanical. Extracted from roots of legumes Derris. It’s toxic to fish.
:P
-Neem Tree Oil…
-Deters insect feeding and oviposition.
-Interferes with growth and development and reproduction.
-If we as professionals are to be effective, we need to seek for products with the least environmental impact.
-High effectiveness, low cost and safety of use.
-We need to have programs in place that consider the plant and insects life cycle (phenology)
-We need to make sure we rotate the products to avoid resistance.
-We need to make sure we have safe and adequate management programs in place.
(Insecticidal Soaps)
-Fatty acids probably affect the nervous system of insects and removes the wax on the insect cuticle.
-Soaps sprays are only effective when the liquid contacts the insects and they have no residual effect.
-Environmental Protection Agency or EPA registers all pesticides for use.
-They monitor and evaluate chemicals through a risk management programs to determine if they are safe to enter market or if existing products continue to meet safety standards.
-Many of the regulations occur after the fact. Once effects are quantified and documented the use of a pesticide can be restricted.
-The California Department of Pesticide Regulation issues licenses or certificates for:
-Persons and businesses that apply or sell pesticides.
-Pest control dealers and brokers.
Persons who advise on agricultural pesticide applications.
(California DPR)
-Pesticides sold in California need to be registered at the Federal level and approved and registered at the State level.
-They also have Environmental Monitoring Programs and Projects.
-These may also help in setting the state wide standards and further regulate products at the State level.
(Licensing)
-Pass examination.
-Must understand laws, regulations, and basic pest management.
-Must understand equipment and its calibration.
-Must continue updated by acquiring a minimum of 20 Credit units every other year to retain and renew license.
(Local Agricultural Commissioner)
-Registers all business that use pesticides.
-Monitor use of pesticide through monthly reporting of use.
-Provide local support.
-Monitor applicators and enforce regulation.
(Business that do Pest Control)
-Must provide yearly education and training to all pesticide handlers.
-Must have an established program in place that follows all local and state regulations.
-Must have a registered licensed holder supervising.
-Must provide a safe work environment.
-Must keep records for 3 years and report use to county.
