Week1 Lecture-Intro To A/P, Week 2 Lecture(cells & histology) And Lab 1

Question 1

Who? Father of Hipocratic Oath. Disease from natural causes. Four humors: Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood. Ratios imbalance cause illness.

Answer 1

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

Question 2

Who? Greek physician in Rome. Dissection was banned so dissected animals. Dominated medical thought for 1500 years

Answer 2

Galen (130-201BC)

Question 3

Who? Father of Anatomy. Wrote 1st atlas of anatomy. Dissected humans. Corrected theories

Answer 3

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 AD)

Question 4

Two ways to examine anatomy

Answer 4

Invasive / non-invasive (X-rays)

Question 5

Who? Father of physiology. Blood vessels one way circulating from heart to brain

Answer 5

Sir William Harvey (1587-1657AD)

Question 6

Who? Two guys expanded understanding of homeostasis and described the negative feedback loop (when it’s hit we sweat)

Answer 6

Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Walter B Cannon (1871-1945)

Question 7

Structure dictates function. Two examples of structure/function relationship.

Answer 7

Shoulder and hip joints for mobility.
Fingernails as tools
Ear shape enhances sound direction.
Same type cells line capillaries and skin but thickness of layers let’s one be permeable to oxygen but not the other.

Question 8

Describe the “Anatomical Position”

Answer 8

Standing
Legs parallel
Feet parallel
Head level and forward
Arms at side
Palms face forward

Question 9

Coronal plane (aka Frontal plane) divides body into what two parts?

Answer 9

Anterior and posterior

Question 10

Transverse plane (aka Horizontal plane) divides body into what two parts?

Answer 10

Superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

Question 11

Sagittal plane divides body how?

Answer 11

Vertically into left and right unequal parts

Question 12

What plane divides body vertically straight down the middle in equal parts?

Answer 12

Midsagittal plane

Question 13

Directional terms for front side and back side

Answer 13

Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/ Dorsal

Question 14

Two directions that describe above and below (NOT used for arms and legs)

Answer 14

Superior/cranial and Inferior/caudal

Question 15

Two directions for toward midline and away from midline

Answer 15

Medial and Lateral

Question 16

Two directions that describe near and far from trunk or attachment site. Used for arms and legs (appendicular skeleton)

Answer 16

Proximal and distal

Question 17

Two main body regions are called…

Answer 17

Axial (head and trunk)
Appendicular (arms and legs)

Question 18

Two main body cavities are called…

Answer 18

Dorsal (covered by meninges)
Ventral (covered by serous membranes)

Question 19

Main dorsal cavity contains what two regional cavities?

Answer 19

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

Question 20

Main Ventral cavity contains what two (sort of three) regional cavities?

Answer 20

Thoracic cavity
Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Question 21

Inside the thoracic cavity are two smaller cavities with serous fluid . What are they?

Answer 21

Pleural cavity (around lungs)
Pericardial cavity (around heart)

Question 22

Inside the abdomino-pelvic cavity are what three subset cavities?

Answer 22

1- Abdominal cavity (the attached membrane lining is called peritoneum)
2- Peritoneal cavity (Thin two layered “cavity” that lines the peritoneum aka inner abdominal wall)
3- Pelvic cavity

Question 23

What fluid lubricates the two layers of the pericardial cavity and the peritoneal cavity? It reduces friction between organs

Answer 23

Serous fluid

Question 24

Serous membranes that make up the pericardial and peritoneal “cavities” have two layers with serous fluid in between. What are the layers called to differentiate them from each other?

Answer 24

Visceral layer is inner layer
Parietal layer is outer layer

Question 25

A fold of membrane that attaches intestines to the abdominal wall. Provides support and structure

Answer 25

Mesentery

Question 26

Chemical organization by size. List four building blocks of life.

Answer 26

Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles

Question 27

Biological organization by size. List five

Answer 27

Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Question 28

List three domains of life

Answer 28

Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes

Question 29

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) differ from eukaryotes (plants/animals/fungus) in what way?

Answer 29

Prokaryotes have no cell nucleus, no organelles. Eukaryotes do.

Question 30

Human classifications of kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Answer 30

Kingdom - animal Phylum- chordate Subphylum vertebrate Class. Mammal Order primate Family Hominid Genus. Homo Species Sapien (means wise)

Question 31

Name unique characteristics of mammals

Answer 31

Live birth, hair, warm blooded, four chamber heart, hair, mammmary glands, larger brains, 3 inner ear bones

Question 32

List six characteristics of life:

Answer 32

Organized structure Movement Metabolism Growth Response to environment Reproduction Differentiation of structure and function

Question 33

A state of relative constancy of the internal environment. Making changes to keep within a healthy range. What’s that called?

Answer 33

Homeostasis

Question 34

Name three parts of homeostasis

Answer 34

- Receptor (notices the change) - Control center (Interprets and responds to the change) - Effector (The action taken to bring things back to acceptable range)

Question 35

Describe negative feedback

Answer 35

Mechanism to maintain homeostasis. It opposes anything outside of normal

Question 36

Describe positive feedback

Answer 36

Exaggerates variations from normal. A stimulus produces a response that reinforces the original stimulus. Example, lactation, labor, blood clotting

Question 37

Two Examples of negative feedback in homeostasis

Answer 37

Blood glucose level (pancreas, brain, liver) Body temperature Hypothalamus, then shiver/ constrict or sweat/dilate

Question 38

What hormone plays a part in lactation and labor that creates positive feedback?

Answer 38

Oxytocin

Question 39

Name three embryonic tissue layers

Answer 39

Endoderm (Gut, liver, Lungs) Mesoderm. (Heart, blood, kidneys, muscle, skeleton) Ectoderm (skin, nervous system)

Question 40

The embryonic tissue ENDODERM develops into what three things?

Answer 40

Gut, liver, lungs

Question 41

The embryonic tissue MESODERM develops into what5 things?

Answer 41

Heart, skeleton, blood, kidneys, muscle

Question 42

The embryonic tissue ECTODERM develops into what two things?

Answer 42

Skin and nervous system

Question 43

Name three results of neural tube failure to close in the embryonic period

Answer 43

Anencephaly Cleft lip or palate Spina bifada Spina bifida occulta

Question 44

Name four adult tissue types and a general function of each

Answer 44

Epithelial tissue (Covering) Connective tissue (support) Muscle tissue (movement) Nervous tissue (control)

Question 45

Describe epithelial tissue, the most basic of tissues

Answer 45

Made almost completely of cells bound together by intercellular junctions

Question 46

Name four functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 46

Physical protection Selective permeability Secretion Sensation

Question 47

List six epithelial tissue characteristics

Answer 47

Cellularity (Bound cell to cell by intercellular junctions) Polarity- The apical surface is exposed/free while the basal surface is attached to a connective tissue. Attachment- Basal surface is bound to connective tissue below. So skin doesn’t fall off. Avascularity- No direct blood supply. They get blood supply from basal surface. Innervation- Pressure, pain, sensation Regeneration- Exposed apical surface quickly replaced. Build new cells from below that move up to replace cells that sluff off.

Question 48

Epithelial tissues are classified by what two things?

Answer 48

Number of cell layers Shape of cells

Question 49

List three types of epithelial tissues based on layers

Answer 49

Simple Stratified Pseudostratified

Question 50

List four shapes of epithelial tissue

Answer 50

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

Question 51

Connective tissue classification’s graphic looks like….

Answer 51

Draw it out: common origin 3 categories:proper, supporting, fluid Loose, dense.Cartilage,bone.Blood,lymph