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BIO 110 Anatomy & Physiology > Week1 Lecture-Intro To A/P, Week 2 Lecture(cells & histology) And Lab 1 > Flashcards

Week1 Lecture-Intro To A/P, Week 2 Lecture(cells & histology) And Lab 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who? Father of Hipocratic Oath. Disease from natural causes. Four humors: Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood. Ratios imbalance cause illness.

A

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

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2
Q

Who? Greek physician in Rome. Dissection was banned so dissected animals. Dominated medical thought for 1500 years

A

Galen (130-201BC)

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3
Q

Who? Father of Anatomy. Wrote 1st atlas of anatomy. Dissected humans. Corrected theories

A

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 AD)

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4
Q

Two ways to examine anatomy

A

Invasive / non-invasive (X-rays)

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5
Q

Who? Father of physiology. Blood vessels one way circulating from heart to brain

A

Sir William Harvey (1587-1657AD)

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6
Q

Who? Two guys expanded understanding of homeostasis and described the negative feedback loop (when it’s hit we sweat)

A

Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Walter B Cannon (1871-1945)

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7
Q

Structure dictates function. Two examples of structure/function relationship.

A

Shoulder and hip joints for mobility.
Fingernails as tools
Ear shape enhances sound direction.
Same type cells line capillaries and skin but thickness of layers let’s one be permeable to oxygen but not the other.

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8
Q

Describe the “Anatomical Position”

A

Standing
Legs parallel
Feet parallel
Head level and forward
Arms at side
Palms face forward

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9
Q

Coronal plane (aka Frontal plane) divides body into what two parts?

A

Anterior and posterior

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10
Q

Transverse plane (aka Horizontal plane) divides body into what two parts?

A

Superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

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11
Q

Sagittal plane divides body how?

A

Vertically into left and right unequal parts

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12
Q

What plane divides body vertically straight down the middle in equal parts?

A

Midsagittal plane

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13
Q

Directional terms for front side and back side

A

Anterior/Ventral and Posterior/ Dorsal

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14
Q

Two directions that describe above and below (NOT used for arms and legs)

A

Superior/cranial and Inferior/caudal

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15
Q

Two directions for toward midline and away from midline

A

Medial and Lateral

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16
Q

Two directions that describe near and far from trunk or attachment site. Used for arms and legs (appendicular skeleton)

A

Proximal and distal

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17
Q

Two main body regions are called…

A

Axial (head and trunk)
Appendicular (arms and legs)

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18
Q

Two main body cavities are called…

A

Dorsal (covered by meninges)
Ventral (covered by serous membranes)

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19
Q

Main dorsal cavity contains what two regional cavities?

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

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20
Q

Main Ventral cavity contains what two (sort of three) regional cavities?

A

Thoracic cavity
Abdomino-pelvic cavity

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21
Q

Inside the thoracic cavity are two smaller cavities with serous fluid . What are they?

A

Pleural cavity (around lungs)
Pericardial cavity (around heart)

22
Q

Inside the abdomino-pelvic cavity are what three subset cavities?

A

1- Abdominal cavity (the attached membrane lining is called peritoneum)
2- Peritoneal cavity (Thin two layered “cavity” that lines the peritoneum aka inner abdominal wall)
3- Pelvic cavity

23
Q

What fluid lubricates the two layers of the pericardial cavity and the peritoneal cavity? It reduces friction between organs

A

Serous fluid

24
Q

Serous membranes that make up the pericardial and peritoneal “cavities” have two layers with serous fluid in between. What are the layers called to differentiate them from each other?

A

Visceral layer is inner layer
Parietal layer is outer layer

25
Q

A fold of membrane that attaches intestines to the abdominal wall. Provides support and structure

A

Mesentery

26
Q

Chemical organization by size. List four building blocks of life.

A

Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
Organelles

27
Q

Biological organization by size. List five

A

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

28
Q

List three domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryotes

29
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) differ from eukaryotes (plants/animals/fungus) in what way?

A

Prokaryotes have no cell nucleus, no organelles. Eukaryotes do.

30
Q

Human classifications of kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species

A

Kingdom - animal
Phylum- chordate
Subphylum vertebrate
Class. Mammal
Order primate
Family Hominid
Genus. Homo
Species Sapien (means wise)

31
Q

Name unique characteristics of mammals

A

Live birth, hair, warm blooded, four chamber heart, hair, mammmary glands, larger brains, 3 inner ear bones

32
Q

List six characteristics of life:

A

Organized structure
Movement
Metabolism
Growth
Response to environment
Reproduction
Differentiation of structure and function

33
Q

A state of relative constancy of the internal environment. Making changes to keep within a healthy range.
What’s that called?

A

Homeostasis

34
Q

Name three parts of homeostasis

A
  • Receptor (notices the change)
  • Control center (Interprets and responds to the change)
  • Effector (The action taken to bring things back to acceptable range)
35
Q

Describe negative feedback

A

Mechanism to maintain homeostasis. It opposes anything outside of normal

36
Q

Describe positive feedback

A

Exaggerates variations from normal. A stimulus produces a response that reinforces the original stimulus.
Example, lactation, labor, blood clotting

37
Q

Two Examples of negative feedback in homeostasis

A

Blood glucose level (pancreas, brain, liver)
Body temperature Hypothalamus, then shiver/ constrict or sweat/dilate

38
Q

What hormone plays a part in lactation and labor that creates positive feedback?

A

Oxytocin

39
Q

Name three embryonic tissue layers

A

Endoderm (Gut, liver, Lungs)
Mesoderm. (Heart, blood, kidneys, muscle, skeleton)
Ectoderm (skin, nervous system)

40
Q

The embryonic tissue ENDODERM develops into what three things?

A

Gut, liver, lungs

41
Q

The embryonic tissue MESODERM develops into what5 things?

A

Heart, skeleton, blood, kidneys, muscle

42
Q

The embryonic tissue ECTODERM develops into what two things?

A

Skin and nervous system

43
Q

Name three results of neural tube failure to close in the embryonic period

A

Anencephaly
Cleft lip or palate
Spina bifada
Spina bifida occulta

44
Q

Name four adult tissue types and a general function of each

A

Epithelial tissue (Covering)
Connective tissue (support)
Muscle tissue (movement)
Nervous tissue (control)

45
Q

Describe epithelial tissue, the most basic of tissues

A

Made almost completely of cells bound together by intercellular junctions

46
Q

Name four functions of epithelial tissue

A

Physical protection
Selective permeability
Secretion
Sensation

47
Q

List six epithelial tissue characteristics

A

Cellularity (Bound cell to cell by intercellular junctions)

Polarity- The apical surface is exposed/free while the basal surface is attached to a connective tissue.

Attachment- Basal surface is bound to connective tissue below. So skin doesn’t fall off.

Avascularity- No direct blood supply. They get blood supply from basal surface.

Innervation- Pressure, pain, sensation

Regeneration- Exposed apical surface quickly replaced. Build new cells from below that move up to replace cells that sluff off.

48
Q

Epithelial tissues are classified by what two things?

A

Number of cell layers
Shape of cells

49
Q

List three types of epithelial tissues based on layers

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

50
Q

List four shapes of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

51
Q

Connective tissue classification’s graphic looks like….

A

Draw it out: common origin
3 categories:proper, supporting, fluid
Loose, dense.Cartilage,bone.Blood,lymph

BIO 110 Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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