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PathophysIV > Week1:BonesA&PtraumaFractureInfection > Flashcards

Week1:BonesA&PtraumaFractureInfection Flashcards

0
Q

What are the types of cartilage protein fiber?

A

elastic (nose ears), hyalin (hardest; in most jts), fibrocartilage (middle; more collagen;b/n discs, symphysis pubis)

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1
Q

What is the composition of cartilage?

A

ground substance, chondrocytes (cartilage cell), protein fiber

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2
Q

What are the 3 fns of cartilage?

A

bone g, shock absorption, prevent friction

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3
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrition?

A

Through diffusion

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4
Q

What is the fourfold composition of bone?

A 
ground substance (protein)
bone cells (osteocytes)
collagen fibers
inorganic salts (Ca, Mg, manganese, fluoride etc)
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5
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A 
spongy bone (inner, lattice-like)
compact (outer, cortical)
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6
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells and their functions?

A

osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain bone matrix
osteogenic cells: precursor of osteoblast, draw Ca from blood in2 bone
–Calcitonin fr thyroid drives Ca fr blood into bone
osteoblast: bone-building cells
osteoclast: reabsorb bone, draw Ca from bone in2 blood
–parathyroid hormone draws Ca from bone in2 blood

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7
Q

What are the three parts of a long bone?

A

epiphysis–head
metaphysis–neck
diaphysis–body

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8
Q

What are the layers of bone, from outermost to innermost?

A 
periosteum--nerves and blood vessels
compact bone
spongy/porous bone
marrow
Haversian canals wherein bv are located
Blood moves w/i Volkmann's canal and supplies bone
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9
Q

What forms the bone plate?

A

osteocyte

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10
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Connect musc to bone

More elastin, more bv than ligaments, but still limited

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11
Q

What do ligaments to?

A

Connect bone to bone (joint); more collagen fiber bc tighter than tendons; take longer to heal

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12
Q

Of what are tendons and ligaments formed?

A

Collagen (stiffer) and elastin (stretchier) fibers and have a limited blood supply

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13
Q

What are synarthroses?

A

Joints w/o a jt cavity having little or no movement, have no synovial cavity

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14
Q

What are the three types of synarthroses?

A

Synostoses
synchondrose
syndesmoses

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15
Q

Which type of joints have no movement?

A

Synostoses, e.g. fused fontanelles

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16
Q

What is the nature of the synchondrone jt?

A

Connected to bone by hyalin cartilage
limited motion
e.g. where ribs connect to sternum

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of a syndesmose joint?

A

separated by fibrous disk (fibrocartilage)
joined by ligament
certain amt of movement
e.g. symphysis pubis, backbone

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18
Q

What is a diarthrose joint?

A

The most common type of jt and one that has both a synovial capsule and a joint capsule

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19
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of diarthroses?

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • synovial capsule i.e. rich blood supply–>rapid healing
  • bursae (pockets of fluid acting as cushions)
  • intraarticular menisci (e.g. knee) (cartilage as well)
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20
Q

What are the three types of soft tissue injury/trauma?

A

contusion
hematoma
laceration

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21
Q

What is the cause and characteristics of contusion?

A

Caused by striking a body part against a hard object

Characterized by ecchymosis, SKIN INTACT

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22
Q

Causes and characteristics of hematoma?

A

Caused by a contusion (striking a body part against a hard object)
Char: Swelling + pain increasing in intensity upon P

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23
Q

Describe a laceration

A

Disruption of skin –>high chance of infection

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24
Q

Differentiate a strain from a sprain

A

A strain involves tendons
injury to musc caused by mechanical overloading
recovery faster than sprain bc tendon has more bv than ligament

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25
Q

Differentiate a sprain from a strain

A

A sprain involves ligaments
injury (stretch, tear, or avulsion fracture) to ligamentous structures surrounding the jt due to abnormal or excessive mvmt of jt
–allow sufficient healing time, otherwise re-sprain and eventually never heal

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26
Q

what is the pathology of a sprain?

A

ligaments become stretched, partially or completely torn

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27
Q

What are the manifestations of sprain?

A

Swelling, discoloration, disability, heat

28
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Red, heat, pain, swelling

29
Q

Describe dislocation

A

Displacement or separation of bone end from its posn in the jt–>loss of articulation

30
Q

What are the 3 classifications of dislocation?

A
  • congenital (shoulder, hip)
  • traumatic (most common)
  • pathologic (problem w joint/bone in question)
31
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of dislocation?

A
  • pain
  • deformity
  • limited mvmt
32
Q

What joint is most commonly dislocated?

A

Shoulder

33
Q

Define chondromalacia

A

Softening of the articular cartilage as the result of recurrent subluxation

34
Q

What is a loose body?

A

Fragment of bone, cartilage or sthg else (dirt, bullet frag) inside the jt

35
Q

what are the manifestations of a loose body?

A

pain

locking jt

36
Q

Define bone fracture

A

Any discontinuity of bone

37
Q

What are the 3 causes of bone fracture?

A

injury
stress (over-use, overweight etc)
pathologic (bone problem e.g. osteoporosis, bone infection)

38
Q

What are the 2 types of bone fracture with regard to communication with the exterior?

A

compound (open)–prone to infection

closed

39
Q

What are 8 types of bone fracture?

A 
transverse
oblique
spiral
comminuted
compression/impacted (stress fracture)
butterfly
segmental
green stick
40
Q

what are the 5 manifestations of bone fracture?

A

ECCHYMOSE, regardless of size of fracture
pain at site of disruption
swelling
deformity (angulation, shortening, rotation)
local shock (good time for bone reduction)

41
Q

What are the 5 sequential stages of the bone fracture healing process?

A

1 formation of hematoma–>initiate the formation of framweok for the ingrowth of fibroblast and capillaries (build up collagen for healing)
2 formation of fibrocartilaginous callus (scar tissue that’s not yet bone)
3 callus formation
4 ossification–mature bone replaces callus, fracture bridged and firm CAST OFF
5 remodeling and consolidation–over years, OSTEOCLAST

42
Q

What is the 3-step treatment for bone fracture

A

reduction (realign displacement)
immobilization (splint, cast)
preservation and restoration of fn (PT, OT)

43
Q

What are 3 possible complications of bone fracture?

A
  • compartment syndrome
  • fat emboli (rare, large bones only)
  • impaired healing (medical prob, insufficient immob or nutrition, TCM oversex)
44
Q

Define compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure within limited anatomic space that compromises circulation

45
Q

Name 2 types of bone infection

A

Osteomyelitis

osteonecrosis

46
Q

What are 2 causes of osteomyelitis?

A

trauma

surgery

47
Q

What are 2 modes of contamination leading to osteomyelitis?

A

indirect–homatogenous seeding (pt disease, e.g. TB, travels in blood to bone
direct–through an open wound cf. compound fracture

48
Q

What are 2 pathologies of osteomyelitis?

A
  • purulent exudate–subperiostal abscess

- formation of sequestrum (necrotic bone tissue)

49
Q

What is necrotic bone tissue called?

A

Sequestrum

50
Q

What are 3 signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis?

A

1 high fever
2 pain upon movement of affected part
3 local swelling, redness, tenderness, warmth (ie acute inflammation)

51
Q

What is death of a segment of bone called

A

osteonecrosis

52
Q

What is the cause of osteonecrosis?

A

Any situation that causes interruption of blood supply to the bone

53
Q

What are 2 pathologies of osteonecrosis?

A

necrosis of spongy bone–release Ca (goes to blood, Ca levels rise)
necrosis of marrow–release fatty acids

54
Q

What is the sign of osteonecrosis?

A

Pain upon movement progressing to pain at rest

55
Q

What type of injury has a risk of developing an infection?

A

laceration

56
Q

What cell is regulated by PTH

A

osteoclast

57
Q

What type of joint includes jt cavity and synovial capsule

A

diarthrose

58
Q

What type of fracture is most difficult to heal

A

comminuted

59
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral joint

60
Q

What type of joint does not provide any motion?

A

synostose

61
Q

What condition is it when there is numbness, tingling and paresthesia after casting?

A

compartment syndrome

62
Q

Pt has pain upon moving ankle, which is swollen, tender, warm, and red. Pt has a fever. What’s the condition?

A

bone infection

63
Q

Correct sequence of bone healing

A

callus formation
calcification
remodeling

64
Q

Collagen fiber is or is not tighter than elastic fiber

A

Is

65
Q

Describe the pathology of sprain

A

ligaments become stretched and/or partially or completely torn

66
Q

Describe the pathology of osteomyelitis

A

formation of pus, sequestrum

67
Q

chondromalacia is the result of

A

softening of articular cartilage resulting from recurrent subluxation

68
Q

cause of osteonecrosis

A

any situation disrupting blood supply to the bone

PathophysIV (2 decks)

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