Week1 Flashcards

Question

Cerebellum

Answer 1

Balance & coordination and learning of skill movements, muscle tone, cognitive and motor sequencing (esp. timing)

Answer 2

Tectum (roof) | Tegmentum (floor)

Answer 3

``` (roof) Superior colliculi (nuclei for visual function) ``` Inferior colliculi (nuclei for auditory function) Orienting

Answer 4

floor Nuclei of 3rd 4th cranial nerves (eye movement) Ventral TA: natural reward circuitry (motivation, social affiliation) contiains red nucleus and substantia nigra

Answer 5

Thalamus Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Comprise pairs of nuclei projecting to the cortex Relay station for sensory signals – lateral (visual), medial (auditory) geniculate nuclei, dorsal (memory) and ventral posterior nuclei (sensory)

Answer 7

is relay for visual signals | or the visual signals come in via the lateral section of the thalamus

Answer 8

is relay for auditory signals | or the auditory signals come in via the lateral section of the thalamus

Answer 9

memory relay

Answer 10

sensory relay

Answer 11

Regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland (HPA)(Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) Mediates ANS function and behaviour (e.g., flight/flight, hunger and sexual drives)

Answer 12

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.

Answer 13

Circuitry of midline structures that circle the thalamus. e.g., Hypothalamus Mammillary bodies Cingulate gyrus (Anterior Cingulate – also part of PFC) Hippocampus Amygdala (almond) – primary processing of emotion Emotion, memory & learning, motivation – fleeing/ fighting, feeding and sexual behaviour

Answer 14

Collection of subcortical grey matter Caudate nucleus (striatum) Lentiform nucleus - ---Globus pallidus (pale globe) - ----Putamen (striatum) Substantia nigra (dopamine producing) Limbic: Nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic pathways) Inter-connected with frontal lobe, thalamus, motor cortex and brain stem

Answer 15

Important for voluntary control of motor function, procedural and reward learning, executive functions, emotion

Answer 16

Frontal Lobes (motor, executive function, behavioural regulation, memory, speech production) Temporal Lobes (audition, speech comprehension, emotion, memory, visual perception) Parietal Lobes (somatosensory, visual perception, multi-modal integration of stimuli) Occipital Lobes (vision) Insula – part of CC folded deep in lateral sulcus: consciousness, interoceptive awareness, self-awareness, emotion (contagion), body homeostasis, pain

Answer 17

Left visual field goes to right hemisphere right visual field goes to left hemisphere

Answer 18

the place in the brain where the optic nerves cross-over

Answer 19

eye receives sensory input (light) > retina converted to action potentials > optic nerve > optic chaism > optic tract > lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) > optic radiations send to > Primary Visual Cortex (V1) (where vision is perceived) note * vision at V1 is very basic (light/dark etc) also note, if damage occurs before thalamus then patient would be fully blind, if damage occurs after thalamus, px maybe able to see some.

Answer 20

monocular blindness = damage to one optic nerve bitemporal hemianopia = vision is missing in the outer half of both the right and left visual field. nasal hemianopia = Binasal hemianopsia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the inner half of both the right and left visual field. Right nasal hemianopia would be missing just the inner half of the right visual field. Homonymous Hemianopia = the loss of half of the visual field on the same side in both eyes. Quadrant-anopia = affecting a quarter of the field of vision. It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation.[1] While quadrantanopia can be caused by lesions in the temporal and parietal lobes, it is most commonly associated with lesions in the occipital lobe Macular sparing = Macular sparing is visual field loss that preserves vision in the center of the visual field, otherwise known as the macula. It appears in people with damage to one hemisphere of their visual cortex, and occurs simultaneously with bilateral homonymous hemianopia or homonymous quadrantanopia.

Answer 21

A homonymous hemianopsia is the loss of half of the visual field on the same side in both eyes. The visual images that we see to the right side travel from both eyes to the left side of the brain, while the visual images we see to the left side in each eye travel to the right side of the brain. Therefore, damage to the right side of the posterior portion of the brain or right optic tract can cause a loss of the left field of view in both eyes. Likewise, damage to the left posterior brain or left optic radiation can cause a loss of the right field of vision.

Answer 22

Visual neglect (also called hemispatial neglect or unilateral spatial neglect) differs from hemianopsia in that it is an attentional deficit rather than a visual one. Unlike patients with hemianopsia who actually don't see, those with visual neglect have no trouble seeing but are impaired in attending to and processing the visual information they receive. Whereas hemianopsia can be assuaged by allowing patients to move their eyes around a visual scene (ensuring that the entire scene makes it into their intact visual field), neglect cannot. Neglect can also apply to auditory or tactile stimuli and can even leave a patient unaware of one side of his or her own body.[6] Some patients with neglect also have hemianopsia, however the two often occur independent of one another.

Answer 23

Region V1 Visual Sensation and recognition SENSORY

Answer 24

Areas 18 & 19: perception of visual stimuli Temporal visual: what (stimulus recognition) Parietal visual: where (guiding visual movement)

Answer 25

Takes ventral stream from V1 V1 > v2 >v3 & V4 > Temporal visual areas WHAT = TEMPORAL

Answer 26

Dorsal stream from V1 V1 > V2>V5 (motion)>Parietal visual areas V1>V3a (form)>parietal visual areas

Answer 27

Contralateral loss of visual sensation and recognition (small = scotoma; large = anopia) (LH = RF, RH = LF)

Answer 28

Areas 18, 19: Perceptual problem: difficulties in discriminating visual objects that are different in sizes, shapes, orientations, and colours

Answer 29

Visual agnosia: inability to combine visual impression into complete patterns and interpret these Object agnosia Apperceptive: Inability to develop a “percept” of objects (failure to recognise objects, cannot copy, cannot match) Associative (failure to recognise objects despite intact perception – can copy/match objects but not identify) – failure to associate visual representation with meaning Prosopagnosia: inability to recognise faces (damage to fusiform gyrus)

Answer 30

Inability to recognise human faces Bilateral damage to the occipital-temporal junction (fusiform) Disorder is dissociable from facial emotion recognition and object agnosia

Answer 31

Assumptions about brain function based upon the pattern of people’s intact abilities and impairments within the same functional domain. Person A has an impairment in word pronunciation (phonological skills) and intact understanding of word meanings (semantics) = dissociation Person B has an impairment in semantics and intact phonological abilities Evidence from Person A+B = double dissociation Suggests that these abilities are subserved by different brain regions (and can be selectively damaged)

Answer 32

Tertiary area Right: contralateral neglect, inability to consciously attend to objects in the left visual space despite intact visual pathways and cortex (spatial attentional problem) Left/bilateral – multimodal integration (temporo-parietal junction) = visual/auditory/tactile & motor Affects reading, writing, maths and skilled movements (alexia/dyslexia, agraphia, acalculia, apraxia)

Answer 33

Primary area: recognition of sensory stimuli from contralateral side of the body Secondary area: tactile perception, touch discrimination and body sense Tertiary area (TPJ): integration of stimuli (visual, auditory and somatosensory); guiding movement in space and spatial representation

Answer 34

``` Primary area (somatosensory strip) --Loss or alteration of sensation of touch, pain, temperature and body sense on contralateral side of the body ``` Secondary area --Partial or complete inability to recognise somatosensory stimuli. 2 types: - ---Loss of ability to recognise objects by touch - ---Loss of knowledge or sensory awareness of one’s own body or bodily condition

Answer 35

Tertiary zone: Formation of behavioural intention – prefrontal cortex Secondary zone: Preparation and organisation of motor programmes – premotor areas of frontal lobes Primary zone: execution of motor programmes – motor cortex (input from thalamus and basal ganglia) and spinal cord

Answer 36

Damage to primary motor area: impairment of motor functioning (speed, movement and strengths) in limb and digits – extensive damage = hemiplegia Damage to tertiary and secondary motor areas: impaired planning, selection and organisation of motor behaviour – apraxia and apathy

Answer 37

Tone > ear drum > cochlear nucleus >inferior colliculus (brreaks off to both dorsla and)> medial geniculate (ventral) >41 (sound discrimination) > secondary (42, 44) Tertiary and paralimbic also Tone > ear drum > cochlear nucleus >inferior colliculus > medial geniculate (dorsal) > secondary (42, 44)(auditory perception) >Tertiary and paralimbic

Answer 38

Damage to primary, secondary and tertiary areas (41, 42, 22) of temporal lobe can lead to disorders of auditory sensation and perception However, damage to primary area of auditory cortex (41) does not always lead to cortical deafness – more deficits in discrimination Auditory perceptual problems (42, 22) Auditory agnosia (amusia, agnosia for sounds) LH – speech, RH - music

Answer 39

Damage to BA 22 of dominant hemisphere leads to Wernicke’s or receptive aphasia (deficits in language comprehension, word recognition, poor repetition) Damage to Brodmann’s area 44 (dominant hemisphere): Broca’s aphasia (problem with speech production)

Answer 40

``` Brocas area (frontal lobe) Primary motor cortex (initiate speech motor programmes) Acuate fasciculus = connects brodmans and wernickes areas Primary auditory cortex = hearing angular gyrus (reading, writing, understanding) ``` primary visual cortex = percieving wiords TPJ

Answer 41

The left temporoparietal junction (lTPJ) contains both Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus, both prominent anatomical structures of the brain that are involved in language cognition, processing, and comprehension of both written and spoken language

Answer 42

Reported by >65% of people with schizophrenia Dierks et al. (1999): fMRI on the brains of people with PS Verbal hallucinations activated the primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area, and speech zone in posterior temporal cortex (LH), and limbic system What does this suggest about the origins of auditory hallucinations?

Answer 43

Posner’s model of attention: 1) Alerting or Arousal Network (security guard – surveillance and alert) – brain stem (RAS) and parietal lobes – sustained attention or vigilance 2) Orienting Network (signal detection - brain shifts from general to specific attention) – selective attention (midbrain, parietal and Temporoparietal Junction) 3) Executive Network (signals are evaluated and a decision is made about what to do next) – Dorsolateral PFC and ACC, attentional switching and divided attention

Answer 44

Stimulus > Sensory Organs > Perception > Sensory Memory (millisecond to 1 second > Attention > short term memory/working memory (<1 min, if keep repeating then can>>>Encode/consolidate into > Long-term Memory (days, months years) (LTM gets retreived into stm) forgetting happens all the way along this path

Answer 45

LTM: Declarative memory & nondeclarative Declarative: Episodic and semantic > Medial temporal lobe, diencephalon Non-declarative memory: --Procedulral memory, skills/habits = basal ganglia ---Priming = neocortex --Simple classical conditioning = amygdala, cerebellum --Habituation, sensitization = reflex pathways

Answer 46

Damage to medial temporal cortex (hippocampus) leads to material specific memory problems LH problem in learning and remembering verbal material RH problem in learning and remembering visual material Both Hemispheres: general amnesic syndrome

Answer 47

``` Amnesias Global amnesia (Clive, HM) Post-traumatic amnesia Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia Psychogenic amnesia (“The great escape: a neuropsychological study of psychogenic amnesia”; Kopelman et al., 1994) – see also dissociative fugue ```

Answer 48

Clive was 46 when he developed meningitis-like symptoms (fever, headaches, fatigue and confusion), lasting several months Finally diagnosed with HSVE and treated with an antiviral drug which saved his life “but left his brilliant mind full of holes” (Wilson, 1999, p. 73) CT scan – low density in the (L) temporal lobe – extending into inferior and posterior frontal lobe and ® medial temporal lobe

Answer 49

Clive experienced Predominant damage to the limbic region which enables core consciousness but not autobiographical consciousness, thus leading to a life “being sensed but not really examined” (Damasio, p. 217) Clive was unable to recognise the existence of his own past consciousness since his illness

Answer 50

Degenerated diencephalon (particularly dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus & mammillary bodies) Slow development: difficult to pinpoint onset of amnesia Damage often extends to frontal lobes

Answer 51

Amygdala: Role in emotional processing and emotional learning and memory (both implicit/explicit). - --Mediates approach and withdrawal behaviour - --Fear conditioning – neutral stimuli gets paired with fearful experience and produces fear reaction (phobia and avoidance reactions) The amygdala interacts with the hippocampal memory system: - -Responsible for assigning emotional significance to stimuli and events - --Affects the storage of memories and influences recall

Answer 52

1) Innate and fast-acting thalamo-amygdala pathway, bypasses cortex to elicit immediate autonomic, endocrine and behavioural response (unconscious/implicit processing) - --Adv of emotion driven system: adaptive for survival, diverts attention in presence of threat and danger - --Disadv of this system: can be too dominating; hasty and potentially irrational reactions that affect goals (e.g., good relationship) 2) Slow acting thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway that supports cognitive appraisal of the meaning of stimuli within context (LeDoux, 1996) – react in accordance with goals and social needs (conscious processing through orbital prefrontal cortex)

Answer 53

Role in regulating emotional expression and inhibition of inappropriate social behaviour Connections with the limbic system: amygdala may elicit learnt emotional associations – while the OFC corrects/adjusts responses (down regulation) Reasoning about an emotional event can reduce its emotional impact and alter behaviour

Answer 54

Fast-acting and non-conscious threat response system: quick analysis of emotional meaning of the situation. Perceptual representations link external stimuli (e.g., comment, angry face) with internal affective and physiological states Immediate and emotionally driven responses initially dominate or disrupt higher order goal systems (carefully thought out reactions congruent with goals and social needs). Working memory system registers that the self is under threat and supports processing of information at the implicational level (OFC) - or what this may mean for one’s self and the future to guide goal-directed behaviour (LeDoux, 2000)