Week1

Question 1

Understand salinity and temperature in the ocean and how
water circulates at the surface (0-100m)

Answer 1

Surface salinity is controlled by precipitation (rain) and evaporation

Question 2

Conveyor belt in the ocean is controlled by __________ in the water

Answer 2

density differences

Question 3

photosynthesis occurs at what depth

Answer 3

0-100m depth

Question 4

photosynthesis equation

Answer 4

CO2 + H2O + nutrients + sunlight -> organic matter + O2

Question 5

remineralization or decomposition equation

Answer 5

organic matter + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + nutrients + energy

Question 6

what is the shape of nutrient-like profile

Answer 6

low at the surface and high in the deep

Question 7

Hydrothermal processes: high temperature at a ridge- what is taken out

Answer 7

SO4 2- and Mg 2+

Question 8

Hydrothermal processes: low temperature on the flanks- what is taken out

Answer 8

Mg 2+

Question 9

the major ions are ______% of the ionic compounds/elements in seawater an most are conservative

Answer 9

> 99

Question 10

what are the major cations in seawater

Answer 10

Na+
Mg++
Ca++ (non-conservative)
K+

Question 11

what are the major anions in seawater

Answer 11

Cl-
SO4-
HCO3- (non-conservative)

Question 12

Non-conservative ions are involved in _________

Answer 12

biological reactions

Question 13

What does constant proportions mean?

Answer 13

major ions vary in concentration dependent on the salinity
-If S is higher, then concentration of ions is higher

Question 14

Atmospheric ____ is high

Answer 14

pO2

Question 15

the free ion concentration _____, not the total concentration, determines Cu ________

Answer 15

[Cu2+]
toxicity

Question 16

waters of hydration definition and example

Answer 16

ions in solution are hydrated. water molecules surround the ion, due to H-bonding between ion and water dipole
EXAMPLE: NaCl

Question 17

complex formation definition and example

Answer 17

involves the exchange of waters of hydration for other ions/compounds that have covalent bonds
Al(OH)4 -

Question 18

residence time definition

Answer 18

average time an ion is in the ocean

Question 19

residence time equation

Answer 19

residence time = (mass in ocean g)/(input or output flux g/yr)

Question 20

residence time calculation assumes _____ state. where the _____ is equal to the _______

Answer 20

steady
input
output

Question 21

Where do most anions come from?

Answer 21

mantle volatiles

Question 22

where do most cations come from?

Answer 22

chemical weathering or physical erosion

Question 23

The [K+] in two seawater samples are 10.0µM at location A and 10.5µM at location B.

What do you know about the relative salinity values from the waters at Location A and B? Why?

Answer 23

The salinity at A is lower than that at B, because K+ is a conservative element in seawater.

Question 24

This is a portrayal of deep water transport (blue arrow, ignore the orange arrow) in the global ocean. Nutrient concentrations (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) are highest in what ocean?

Answer 24

N. Pacific
respiration, organic matter + O2 –> CO2 + nutrients + energy

Question 25

Is silica a conservative or non-conservative element in seawater? Why?

Answer 25

It is not conservative, because it is involved in biological processes.

Question 26

What was the original use of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)?

Answer 26

as a pesticide

Question 27

Check all that apply. The use of DDT was banned world-wide because It -caused cancer in humans. -it caused lead in pipes to pollute drinking water. -it caused massive numbers of plants to die -it caused death of fish, birds and other animals

Answer 27

It caused cancer in humans. it caused death of fish, birds and other animals

Question 28

Check all that apply. The origin of most anions in the ocean originally came from -weathering on land of minerals/rocks -volcanic gases -aerosol input -hydrothermal vents

Answer 28

volcanic gases

Question 29

Check all that apply. An example of human input of elements to the ocean is magnesium lead cadmium sodium

Answer 29

lead cadmium

Question 30

Check all that apply. Aerosol input to the oceans include cosmic dust mineral dust volcanic ash storm surge

Answer 30

cosmic dust mineral dust volcanic ash

Question 31

The Mediterranean Sea dried up about 5 million years ago due to what cause?

Answer 31

closing of the Straits of Gibraltar, stopping exchange with ocean water

Question 32

What is the equation for calcite (CaCO3) production in seawater?

Answer 32

Ca2+ + 2CO3= --> CaCO3 + CO2

Question 33

What is the largest output of salts from the ocean?

Answer 33

evaporites

Question 34

Check all that apply. What ions are taken out of seawater at high temperature hydrothermal vents? Mg2+ Fe3+ SO4= K+

Answer 34

Mg2+ SO4=

Question 35

Where do we get most of our salt used in cooking?

Answer 35

evaporite deposits