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IRM > Week Two > Flashcards

Week Two Flashcards

Research Design and Reporting

1
Q

Research design that captures data at one point in time.

A

Cross Sectional

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2
Q

What sort of research designs capture data at more than one point in time.

A

Longitudinal

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3
Q

Observation designs do not manipulate any variables. True or False.

A

True

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4
Q

Which designs manipulate a variable (termed condition); participants
are assigned to one condition at random.

A

Experimental

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5
Q

Describe two features of a Quasi-experimental design.

A
  1. They do not manipulate any variables
  2. Participants
    are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria.
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6
Q

Name given to a research design that combines both Within-subject and between-subject assessments.

A

Mixed Design

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7
Q

Name of a research design that collects data from participants relative to more than
one condition (usually all conditions).

A

Within Subject

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8
Q

Another name for which within subject research design?

A

Repeated Measures

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9
Q

Describe a Between-subject design.

A

Data is collected from participants relative to one condition.

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10
Q

Describe this design.
1. Go to high school and collect
data on mood and cognition from all
students on one day.

A

OBSERVATIONAL: Cross sectional

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11
Q

Describe this research design.
4. Go to high school and collect data
on mood and cognition from all Year 7 students, then return every year and repeat assessments until they reach Year 12.

A

OBSERVATIONAL: Longitudinal

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12
Q

Describe this research design.
2. Go to high school and randomise
½ of students to have a nap
opportunity, then collect data on
mood and cognition from all
students on the one day.

A

EXPERIMENTAL: Cross sectional

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13
Q

Describe this research design.
5. Go to high school and collect data
on mood and cognition from all Year 7 students, then randomise ½ to sleep intervention and ½ to control group, and return in 6 months to repeat assessments.

A

EXPERIMENTAL: Longitudinal

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14
Q

Describe this research design.
3. Go to high school and collect
data on mood and cognition from all
students on one day, and compare
students who sleep >7 hours and
≤7 hours on average.

A

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL: Cross Sectional

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15
Q

Describe this research design.
6. Go to high school and collect data
on mood and cognition from all Year 7 students, investigate how these
measures change through to Year 12
relative to who slept >7 hours and ≤7
hours on average in Year 7.

A

QUASI EXPERIMENTAL: Longitudinal

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16
Q

Go to high school and collect data on mood and cognition from all students on one day. Name the research design elements.

A

Cross-Sectional, observational, between-subjects

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17
Q

Go to high school and randomise half of students to have a nap opportunity, then collect data on mood and cognition from all students on one day. Name the research design elements.

A

Cross Sectional, Experimental, between-subjects

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18
Q

Go to high school and collect data on mood and cognition from all students on one day and compare students who sleep less than 7 hours and greater than 7 hours on average.

A

Cross-sectional, Quasi-experimental, between subjects

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19
Q

Go to high school and collect data on mood and cognition from all year 7 students then return every year and repeat assessments until they reach year 12.

A

Observational, Longitudinal. within-subjects

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20
Q

Go to high school and collect data on mood and cognition on all year 7 students, randomise 1/2 to sleep intervention and 1/2 to control group and return in 6 months to repeat the assessments.

A

Longitudinal
Experimental
Mixed (between- and withinsubject assessments)

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21
Q

Go to high school and collect data on mood and cognition on all year 7 students, investigate how these measures change through to year 12 relative to who slept less than 7 hours and greater than 7 hours on average in year 7.

A

Longitudinal
Quasi-experimental
Mixed (between- and withinsubject assessments)

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22
Q

Population-based sample is:

A

Representative of the population.
E.g. random sample of Medicare numbers.

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23
Q

True or False. Convenience samples are Not representative of the population.
(E.g. clinic-based or through social media advertisement.)

A

True

24
Q

what type of sampling is based on pre-defined groups.
(E.g. equal numbers of 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19 year olds.)

A

Stratification

25
Q

Methods of collecting data from your sample must:

A

Be appropriate to address your research aim.

26
Q

3 examples of where data can be collected from your samples.

A

In the field
E.g. Researchers base themselves within a hospital.
In the laboratory
E.g. Researchers ask participants to visit a university campus.
Survey
E.g. Researchers ask participants to complete an online survey.

27
Q

What must you be aware of when collecting data from your sample.

A

Sampling biases should always be recognised and attenuated where possible.

28
Q

Self Selection, Healthy and under-coverage are types of what?

A

Sampling Bias

29
Q

Letters are sent out to all
residents to understand
their views on a National
Park in the area.
People who live in the area
but are not registered
officially are not completely
represented, e.g. residential
aged care residents on prison
populations. This is an example of:

A

Under-coverage Bias

30
Q

Flyer advertises a fear of
height study, conducted on
top of a sky scrapper.
People who love heights
respond to the flyer wanting
to participate. This is an example of:

A

Self-selection bias

31
Q

TV advertisement requests
participants for a new study
on healthy diets and
physical activity.
People who are already very
healthy, with good diet and
physical activity patterns. This is an example of:

A

Healthy bias

32
Q

What is the WEIRD sampling problem in PSYCHOLOGY

A

The vast majority of published psychological research is on
Western,
Educated,
Industrialised,
Rich, and
Democratic
(WEIRD) samples.

33
Q

True or False.
WEIRD populations represent as much as 80 percent of study participants,
but only 12 percent of the world’s population.

A

True

34
Q

Statistics are set of tools and techniques that are used for

A

describing, organising and interpreting information or data

35
Q

A set of tools and techniques that are used for describing, organising and interpreting information or data

A

Statistics

36
Q

What describes the nature of information contained in a given data set.

A

Scales of measurement

37
Q

Name the 4 scales of measurement

A

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio

38
Q

Which scale of measurement is Non-numerical (can only be qualitative) and each item in the data set belongs to a class or category

A

Nominal

39
Q

Gender (male or Female)
Political orientation (Democrat, republican)
Race (White/african American)
are examples of what scale of measurement?

A

Nominal

40
Q

Which scale of measurement is described as follows:
Can be quantitative or Qualitative
“ord” = order
Items are ordered in a meaningful direction
Distance between items is not necessarily equal

A

Ordinal

41
Q

The following are examples of what scaled data?
Race results (1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place)
Strongly agree/agree/disagree/strongly disagree

A

Ordinal

42
Q

True or False. The distance between ordinal scaled data items is always equal.

A

False. The distance is not necessarily equal between ordinal scaled data items. For example - Ranking of students 1, 2 and 3 might be 99%, 91% and 90% (8 % difference between 1 and two and 1% difference between 2 and 3.

43
Q

Which scale of measure is Numerical (can only be quantitative)
Distance between points is equal and meaningful
Can have values below 0

A

Interval

44
Q

The following are examples of which scale of measure?
Time of day (1pm, 2pm, 3pm)
Temperature (degress celcius)

A

Interval Scale data

45
Q

What scale of measure is described here.
Numerical (can only be quantitative)
All the qualities of an interval scale plus a true zero point
The absence of whatever is being measured is possible (height)
The relationship between points is meaningful

A

Ratio Scale

46
Q

True or false. The following are common examples of data on a ratio scale.
Inches
Percent correct on an exam
The amount of money in your wallet

A

True

47
Q

WEIRD sampling stands for?

A

Western,
Educated,
Industrialised,
Rich, and
Democratic

48
Q

An example of a longitudinal study would be…
a.
The Australian swimming team records what they ate for breakfast before training.
b.
After the Australian basketball team finishes a game, their stress levels are measured.
c.
The wellbeing of the Australian sailing team is measured during the Olympics and 1 month after the Olympics, and compared.
d.
After their plane lands, the Australian rowing team completes a questionnaire on their sleepiness.

A

c.
The wellbeing of the Australian sailing team is measured during the Olympics and 1 month after the Olympics, and compared.

49
Q

Quasi-experimental designs…
a.
Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria
b.
Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition they select
c.
Manipulate the minority of variables
d.
Manipulate the majority of variables

A

a.
Do not manipulate any variables; participants are assigned to a condition based on non-random criteria

50
Q

An example of a cross-sectional study would be…
a.
The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team wear activity trackers all season, and their activity patterns are assessed over time.
b.
The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team self-report their depression levels after their 1st game of the season.
c.
The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team report their happiness levels after each game of the season.
d.
The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team players log their injuries after each game of the season.

A

b.
The Adelaide Thunderbirds netball team self-report their depression levels after their 1st game of the season.

51
Q

We run an experiment investigating how monetary reward affects reaction time. Each participant undergoes each condition: (1) no monetary reward for reaction times <150ms, (2) $5 reward if >20% of reaction times <150ms, (3) $50 reward if >40% of reaction times <150ms. The order of conditions is counterbalanced across participants. What design is being used here?
a.
Observational within-subjects design
b.
Observational mixed-subjects design
c.
Experimental within-subjects design
d.
Quasi-experimental between-subjects design

A

c.
Experimental within-subjects design

52
Q

We ran a study investigating how younger and older adults remember faces. All participants were presented with 20 images of faces, presented one at a time for 5 seconds, and were instructed that they should remember all images. They then engaged in a foil (distractor) task for 20 minutes, after which, they were presented with 40 images of faces, half of which were initially presented to them. They had to indicate whether the image was “old” (i.e. previously presented) or “new” (i.e. not previously presented). Correct responses were recorded and compared between the younger and older adult groups. What study design is being used here?
a.
Mixed between-within subjects
b.
Population-based
c.
Within-subjects
d.
Between-subjects

A

d.
Between-subjects

53
Q

We go to a high school and collect data on numeracy and literacy from all students on one day. What can we say about the study design? It is…
Question 6
Answer
a.
Cross-sectional, experimental and between-subjects
b.
Longitudinal, quasi-experimental and mixed (between- and within-subject assessments)
c.
Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects
d.
Longitudinal, experimental and mixed (between- and within-subject assessments)

A

c.
Cross-sectional, observational, and between-subjects

54
Q

A population-based sample…
a.
Cannot be randomly sampled
b.
Is typically recruited through social media
c.
Represents the structure of the underlying population
d.
Is more biased than clinic samples

A

c.
Represents the structure of the underlying population

55
Q

Most psychological research is on western, educated, industrialised, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) samples. This means…
a.
That findings reflect most of the world’s population
b.
That generalisation is very limited
c.
That Universities in developing countries haven’t published their findings
d.
That highly educated people show the same pattern of responses as those with less education

A

b.
That generalisation is very limited

56
Q

We advertise a study investigating the effects of bungee jumping. The poster states that participation involves bungee jumping off a man-made structure in Port Adelaide. We are most likely to observe…
a.
A self-selection bias amongst participants
b.
A healthy bias amongst participants
c.
A fear bias amongst participants
d.
An under coverage bias amongst participants

A

a.
A self-selection bias amongst participants

57
Q

Experimental designs are characterised by…
a.
Manipulation of at least two variables and randomisation
b.
Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation
c.
Conditions and manipulations
d.
Allocation to conditions based participant characteristics

A

b. Manipulation of at least one variable and randomisation

IRM (5 decks)

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