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Medical Math > Week One: General Pharmacology > Flashcards

Week One: General Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Examples of animal based drugs

A

Hormones, heparin

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1
Q

Botanical drugs are…

Examples?

A

Plant based

Atropine, digoxin, penicillin

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2
Q

Examples if minerals?

A

Electrolytes (calcium, sodium)

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3
Q

What are synthesized drugs?

A

Made in a lab

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4
Q

Name the six inactive ingredients in a drug

A

Binders, coatings, colors, flavors, preservatives, thickeners

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5
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics?

A

Treatment using medications

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6
Q

What is a regimen?

A

Plan for using the drug to treat a disease

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7
Q

A technicians role in a regimen is…

A
  • verify the correct drug is being used
  • calculate and confirm dosage
  • administer by the correct route and at the correct time
  • observe the animals response and document it
  • question unclear medication order
  • ensure accurate labels
  • explain administration to clients
  • create a legal record for the regimen
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8
Q

When is a prescription drug given to an animal patient?

A

Only under the supervision and direction of a veterinarian

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9
Q

What is the abbreviation for prescription drugs?

A

Rx

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10
Q

When can over-the-counter drugs be purchased?

A

Without a veterinarians consent

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11
Q

What is the abbreviation for over the counter?

A

OCT

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12
Q

What is a veterinarian-client-patient relationship?

A
  • federal legal requirement for prescription drugs
  • client has agreed to follow treatment plan
  • veterinarian has seen the patient recently enough to make a diagnosis
  • veterinarian is available to re-evaluate the patient
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13
Q

What is an extra label use?

A

Can be used even if that drug is not labeled for that species or disease

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14
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

Events that occurred after a drug is administered to a patient

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15
Q

What are the routes of administration?

A

Enteral, parenteral injection, inhalation, topical

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16
Q

What is enteral?

A

Throughout digestive tract

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17
Q

What is parenteral injection?

A

Not digestive system (blood/muscle)

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18
Q

What is inhalation?

A

Breathe in

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19
Q

What is topical?

A

Surface of skin or eyes

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20
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

How much drug gets to the body

21
Q

Absorption is affected by…

A

Mechanism (where it is put), pH/ionization (chemical), surface area, blood supply (high blood= taken more quickly), solubility, form, drug interaction

22
Q

What is drug distribution?

A

How a drug gets from the absorption site to the site of action

23
Q

What is bio transformation?

A

How the body changes the drug so it can be excreted

24
Q

What is another name for bio transformation?

A

Metabolism

25
Q

What is a half life?

A

The time required to excrete half of the present amount of drug

26
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body

27
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that has a high affinity to and binds with a cell receptor

28
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

A drug with less affinity to but still may bind to parts of a cell receptor

29
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A drug that blocks a receptor so that it cannot be bound to

30
Q

What is efficacy?

A

The degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient

31
Q

What is LD50

A

The lowest dose that is lethal to 50% of animals in a trial

32
Q

What is ED50?

A

Lowest dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of animals in a trial

33
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

Relationship between a drugs ability to achieve the desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects

34
Q

What is the equation for therapeutic index?

A

LD50/ED50

Lower/narrow index is more dangerous

35
Q

What is an adverse drug reaction?

A

An undesirable response to a drug that can range from mild to life threatening
(Example: rash)

36
Q

What is a drug interaction?

A

An altered pharmacologic response to a drug that is caused by the presence of a second drug
Changes how drugs work, release

37
Q

Who sets standards for naming and labeling?

A

USP and the CVM of the FDA

38
Q

What are the difference drug names?

A

Chemical, code or laboratory, compendial (identified in a database), official, proprietary or trade (owned by manufacture), generic (base name)

39
Q

Drug labels are required to include:

A

Drug names, concentration, quantity, name and address of the manufacturer, controlled substance status, manufacturers control or lot number, expiration date

40
Q

What is required by the federal government?

A

Safety and efficacy to be proved through testing

41
Q

What is CVA?

A

Center for veterinary medicine
Regulates animal drugs and feed additives
Under FDA

42
Q

What is EPA?

A

Environmental protection agency

Regulates animal topical pesticides

43
Q

What is the USDA?

A 
US Department of Agriculture
Regulates biologics (has living component)
44
Q

What is FARAD?

A

Food animal residue avoidance databank
Provides withholding times for milk and pews laughter withdrawal times for meat (can I use this drug? How long do I have to wait?)

45
Q

What is the green book?

A

List of all animal drugs approved by the FDA

46
Q

What is the AMDUCA?

A

The animal medicinal drug use clarification act of 1994
Allows extra label use of drugs by veterinarian prescription as long as specific requirements are met

Most important act for us

47
Q

What is MUMS?

A

The Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act of 2001

Specifically allows extra label approved drug use in less common species (sheep, goats, birds, emus, wildlife, zoo, ect)

Allows extra label approved drug use in major species for uncommon use

48
Q

Who makes the drug?

A

Manufacturers

49
Q

Who are representatives?

A

Try to sell you stuff

50
Q

True or false:

Distributors make drugs

A

False

51
Q

What do generic complains do?

A

Make drugs after hard core name brand

Medical Math (5 decks)

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