Week One: General Pharmacology Flashcards
Examples of animal based drugs
Hormones, heparin
Botanical drugs are…
Examples?
Plant based
Atropine, digoxin, penicillin
Examples if minerals?
Electrolytes (calcium, sodium)
What are synthesized drugs?
Made in a lab
Name the six inactive ingredients in a drug
Binders, coatings, colors, flavors, preservatives, thickeners
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
Treatment using medications
What is a regimen?
Plan for using the drug to treat a disease
A technicians role in a regimen is…
- verify the correct drug is being used
- calculate and confirm dosage
- administer by the correct route and at the correct time
- observe the animals response and document it
- question unclear medication order
- ensure accurate labels
- explain administration to clients
- create a legal record for the regimen
When is a prescription drug given to an animal patient?
Only under the supervision and direction of a veterinarian
What is the abbreviation for prescription drugs?
Rx
When can over-the-counter drugs be purchased?
Without a veterinarians consent
What is the abbreviation for over the counter?
OCT
What is a veterinarian-client-patient relationship?
- federal legal requirement for prescription drugs
- client has agreed to follow treatment plan
- veterinarian has seen the patient recently enough to make a diagnosis
- veterinarian is available to re-evaluate the patient
What is an extra label use?
Can be used even if that drug is not labeled for that species or disease
What is pharmacokinetics?
Events that occurred after a drug is administered to a patient
What are the routes of administration?
Enteral, parenteral injection, inhalation, topical
What is enteral?
Throughout digestive tract
What is parenteral injection?
Not digestive system (blood/muscle)
What is inhalation?
Breathe in
What is topical?
Surface of skin or eyes
What is bioavailability?
How much drug gets to the body
Absorption is affected by…
Mechanism (where it is put), pH/ionization (chemical), surface area, blood supply (high blood= taken more quickly), solubility, form, drug interaction
What is drug distribution?
How a drug gets from the absorption site to the site of action
What is bio transformation?
How the body changes the drug so it can be excreted
What is another name for bio transformation?
Metabolism
What is a half life?
The time required to excrete half of the present amount of drug
What is pharmacodynamics?
Mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body
What is an agonist?
A drug that has a high affinity to and binds with a cell receptor
What is a partial agonist?
A drug with less affinity to but still may bind to parts of a cell receptor
What is an antagonist?
A drug that blocks a receptor so that it cannot be bound to
What is efficacy?
The degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient
What is LD50
The lowest dose that is lethal to 50% of animals in a trial
What is ED50?
Lowest dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of animals in a trial
What is the therapeutic index?
Relationship between a drugs ability to achieve the desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects
What is the equation for therapeutic index?
LD50/ED50
Lower/narrow index is more dangerous
What is an adverse drug reaction?
An undesirable response to a drug that can range from mild to life threatening
(Example: rash)
What is a drug interaction?
An altered pharmacologic response to a drug that is caused by the presence of a second drug
Changes how drugs work, release
Who sets standards for naming and labeling?
USP and the CVM of the FDA
What are the difference drug names?
Chemical, code or laboratory, compendial (identified in a database), official, proprietary or trade (owned by manufacture), generic (base name)
Drug labels are required to include:
Drug names, concentration, quantity, name and address of the manufacturer, controlled substance status, manufacturers control or lot number, expiration date
What is required by the federal government?
Safety and efficacy to be proved through testing
What is CVA?
Center for veterinary medicine
Regulates animal drugs and feed additives
Under FDA
What is EPA?
Environmental protection agency
Regulates animal topical pesticides
What is the USDA?
US Department of Agriculture Regulates biologics (has living component)
What is FARAD?
Food animal residue avoidance databank
Provides withholding times for milk and pews laughter withdrawal times for meat (can I use this drug? How long do I have to wait?)
What is the green book?
List of all animal drugs approved by the FDA
What is the AMDUCA?
The animal medicinal drug use clarification act of 1994
Allows extra label use of drugs by veterinarian prescription as long as specific requirements are met
Most important act for us
What is MUMS?
The Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act of 2001
Specifically allows extra label approved drug use in less common species (sheep, goats, birds, emus, wildlife, zoo, ect)
Allows extra label approved drug use in major species for uncommon use
Who makes the drug?
Manufacturers
Who are representatives?
Try to sell you stuff
True or false:
Distributors make drugs
False
What do generic complains do?
Make drugs after hard core name brand
