Week One - Cells

Question 1

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Enlarged tissue mass d/t increase in # of normal cells.

Question 2

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 2

Enlarged tissue mass d/t increase is size of cells

Question 3

What is Metaplasia?

Answer 3

Tissue replacement of one type of normal cell for another normal cell.

Eg. Pseudostratified changes to Stratified in the Resp. tract of a smoker.

Question 4

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 4

Varied cell size, shape and organization. More mitosis, more divisions of cells. Potential pre-carcinogenic change.

Question 5

What is Anaplasia?

Answer 5

Completely undifferentiated cells. Cells do not take on a normal form of the parent cell. They have an inability to perform their normal function.

Variable structure.

Almost always associated with CA.

Question 6

What is Atrophy?

Answer 6

Wasting away of tissue. A decrease in tissue mass d/t decrease in size or # of cells. (Dependant on type of cell)

Question 7

What determines the extent of cellur injury?

Answer 7

1. Agent (pathogen, intensity, duration)
2. L/O Perfusion (flow of blood or fluid thru capillary bed)
3. Cell Type (different cell types respond differently to L/O perfusion)

Question 8

Injury can cause what 3 basic problems?

Answer 8

1. Deficiency (eg. MI - O2 deficiency)
2. Intoxication (toxins decrease fx, affects vital organs)
3. Trauma (altered structure results in L/O fx)

Question 9

The mechanisim(s) of celluar injury?

Answer 9

1. Free radical production
2. Hypoxia
3. Ca+ imbalance (calcium ions)

Question 10

What are free radicals?

Answer 10

Toxic, reactive chemical fragments (eg. O2+)

Free radicals bind to the reactive ends of chemicals and prevent bonds from being created.

Free radicals target DNA, cell proteins and membranes.

Question 11

What is hypoxia?

Answer 11

Hypo = less than normal

Oxygen dificency - Affect metabolisim & ATP Production = inhibited fx

Question 12

Explain Ca+ Imbalance

Answer 12

Ca+ plays a role in many fx’s.

Agent of injury - Ca influx & release from mitochondria - Increase in Ca concentration - inappropriate activation of enzymes (Es) - Cell damage.

Ex of Es affected:
ATP - ase (Es that breaks down ATP)
phospholipases - breaks down lipids
proteases - breaks down proteins

Question 13

What is Apoptosis?

Answer 13

Programmed cell death (lifespan that is built into the cell genetics)

Typically a normal process.

P. 103

Question 14

What is Necrosis?

Answer 14

Cell injury d/t injury. Abnormal.

(Most cell death in found in patho is necrosis)