Week One Flashcards
1
Q
Histology?
A
The study of the tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs
2
Q
Four types of tissue?
A
Muscle
Neural
Epithelial
Connective
3
Q
Epithelial tissue characteristics?
A
- Aggregated polyhedral cells
- Small amount of ECM
- Lining of surface or body cavities
- Glandular secretion
4
Q
Connective tissue characteristics?
A
- Several types of fixed and wandering cells
- Greatest amount of ECM
- Support and protection of tissues
5
Q
Nervous tissue characteristics?
A
- Elongated cells with extremely fine processes.
- Very small amount of ECM
- Transmission of nerve impulses
6
Q
Muscle tissue characteristics?
A
- Elongated contractile cells
- Moderate amount of ECM
- Strong contraction, body movements
7
Q
Some reasons disease occur?
A
- Spontaneous alteraton to a cells ability to proliferate and function.
- External stimuli make it impossible for cell to maintain homeostasis.
8
Q
Hyperplasia
A
More cells
9
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Growth in terms of cell size
10
Q
Atrophy
A
Smaller cells ( can be size and number)
11
Q
Metaplasia
A
Mature differentiated cell transforms into different mature cell type. Reversible
Example: Barrett’s Esophagus
12
Q
Dysplasia
A
Tissue develops large number of immature cells. Extremely disordered growth, precancerous, pleomorphism.
13
Q
What is the plasma membrane?
A
Phospholipid bilayer
Semipermeable (selective)
Hydrophilic head
hydrophobic and lipophilic tail
14
Q
What do fibroblasts make?
A
Make the ECM
15
Q
Types of connective tissue
A
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments and tendons
16
Q
What does the interstitial fluid within CT do?
A
Gives metabolic support to the cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products.
17
Q
What does the ECM consist of?
A
Protein fibers like collagen and elastic fibers and ground substance.
18
Q
What does GAG make?
A
Hyaluronic acid
19
Q
What is the strongest and most abundant protein fiber in ECM?
A
Collagen
20
Q
Where does all CT originate from?
A
Embryonic Mesenchyme
21
Q
What does Mesenchyme consist of?
A
Undifferentiated cells, generally elongated, large nuclei and prominent nucleoli.
22
Q
In all types of CT what exceeds the volume of the cells?
A
The ECM volume
23
Q
What is the most common CT cell?
A
Fibroblast
24
Q
Where are muscle cells derived from?
A
Mesoderm
25
How do muscle cells differentiate?
By lengthening and synthesizing myofibrillar proteins like actin and myosin.
26
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal (Bicep)
Smooth (intestinal tract)
Cardiac
27
Properties of muscle tissue
Electrical excitability (acetylcholine/ electricity)
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity
28
What causes contraction?
Sliding of thick myosin filaments with thin actin filaments
29
What is the cytoplasm of muscle cells called?
Sarcoplasm
30
What does the Sarco- prefix indicate
Muscle
31
Skeletal muscle characteristics?
Bundles of long, multinucleated cells with cross striations. Voluntarily controlled
32
Cardiac muscle characteristics?
Cross- striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to one another at intercalated discs. Involuntary contraction.
33
Why are intercalated discs important?
Facilitate coordinated contraction
34
Smooth muscle characteristics?
Consists of fusiform cells DOES NOT have striations, slow involuntary contractions
35
Two main groups of epithelial tissue?
Covering (lining) epithelia
Secretory (glandular) epithelia
36
Simple
One layer
37
Stratified
More than one layer
38
What do epithelia line?
All external and internal surfaces of the body
39
What must all substances that enter or leave an organ cross?
Epithelia
40
Apical
Exposed/ specialized
41
Basal
Basement/ adhered
42
Cuboidal cell example
Testes
43
Columnar cells example
Digestive tract
44
Squamous cells example
Cervix
45
Where does the epithelial typically receive nutrients from?
The blood vessels contained within the adjacent CT that provide nutrients and O2
46
What is the CT that underlies the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems called?
Lamina propria
47
Papillae occur most frequently where?
In epithelial tissues subject to friction, like the skin or tongue.
48
What does the stratum corneum contain
Dead cells
49
Stratum Lucidum characteristics?
Not always present, clear thick skin seen on the palms and bottom of the feet.
50
Stratum granulosum characteristics?
This is where cells begin to die and dehydrate.
51
Stratum spinosum characteristics?
Contains mitotic cells, dendritic cells (langerhans)/ immunocompetent cells.
52
Stratum Basale
deepest layer of epithelium, new skin cell development
53
State the order top to bottom
Come - Stratum corneum
Lets - Stratum lucidum
Get - Stratum granulosum
Sun - Stratum spinosum
Burnt - Stratum basale
54
Cell Function: Facilitates movement, active transport by pinocytosis, secretion. Simple
Squamous Simple
55
Examples of distribution: endothelium, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
Squamous Simple
56
Cell Function: covering, secretion, Simple
Cuboidal Simple
57
Examples of distribution: Covering the ovary, thyroid
Cuboidal Simple
58
Cell Function: Protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion. Simple
Columnar Simple
59
Examples of distribution: Lining of intestine and gallbladder
Columnar Simple
60
Cell function: protection, prevents water loss.
Squamous (keratinized) Stratified
61
Examples of distribution: Epidermis
Squamous (keratinized) Stratified
62
Cell function: Protection, secretion, prevents water loss.
Squamous (Non-keratinized) Stratified
63
Examples of distribution: Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal
Squamous (non-keratinized) Stratified
64
Cell function: Protection, secretion
Cuboidal Stratified
65
Example of distribution: Sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles.
Cuboidal Stratified
66
Cell function: Protection, distensibility
Transitional
67
Examples of distribution: Bladder, ureters, renal calyces.
Transitional
68
Cell function: Protection
Columnar stratified
69
Examples of distribution: Conjunctiva
Columnar stratified
70
Cell function: Protection, secretion, cilia mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus, out of the air passages.
Pseudostratified
71
Examples of distribution: Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity.
Pseudostratified
72
The ability of specialized cells to respond to stimuli
excitability
73
What is the cell body of a neuron called?
Soma
74
What does a nucleolus do?
Process rRNA and produces ribosomes in the nucleus.
75
Signals going out =
Axon
76
Signals coming in =
Dendrite
77
Where do dendrites extend from?
The soma
78
What are the small branches of the axon called?
Telodendria
79
What is the knob like structure that forms connections?
Synapse
80
What is the axon covered in?
Myelin sheath
81
What does myelin do?
Insulate the signal and decrease degradation.
82
Myelin cells of the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
83
Myelin cell of the central nervous system
Oligodendrocytes
84
What is the space in between Myelin?
Nodes
85
What makes up the largest percentage of body weight intracellular or interstitial fluid?
Intracellular!
86
What makes up the smallest percentage of body weight?
Blood plasma
87
If salinity is too high what happens to the cells?
Crenation- cells atrophy and collapse
88
High in NaCl and low in K
Extracellular fluid
89
What is extracellular fluid made of?
Interstitial fluid and blood plasma
90
Low in NaCl and high in K
Intracellular fluid
91
Cell murder
Necrosis
92
Cell suicide
Apoptosis
93
Adaption to non-homeostatic conditions can manifest as?
Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Dysplasia (tumors)
94
When cells cannot adapt to non-homeostatic conditions we see?
Necrosis, apoptosis
95
Name the normal cell adaption: increase breast tissue size during pregnancy.
Hyperplasia
96
Name the pathologic cell adaption: Proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged E2 stimulus.
Hyperplasia
97
Name the normal cell adaption: Enlargement of skeletal muscle with exercise.
Hypertrophy
98
Name the pathologic cell adaption: Enlargement of the heart due to aortic stenosis.
Hypertrophy
99
Name the normal cell adaption: Decrease in the size of the uterus after pregnancy
Atrophy
100
Name the pathologic cell adaption: Kidney shrinking because atherosclerosis of renal artery resulting in ischemia.
Atrophy
101
Neoplasia
New growth
102
Benign Neoplasm from glandular cells
Adenoma
103
Malignant neoplasm from epithelial cells
Carcinoma
104
Malignant neoplasm from mesenchymal cells
Sarcoma
105
Malignant neoplasm from lymphocytes
Lymphoma
106
Malignant neoplasm from melanocytes
Melanoma
107
Generally ends in JUST OMA
Benign neoplasms (so many exceptions do not rely on this)
108
Generally ends in Sarcoma or Carcinoma
Malignant neoplasms
109
Benign neoplasm of smooth muscle
leiomyoma
110
Malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
111
Well differentiated
Resemble cells they differentiated from
112
Moderately differentiated
Some cells look the same some do not
113
Poorly differentiated
Cell origin is hard to recognize (WORST)
114
Anaplasia
Lack of differentiation, makes it difficult to know the origin of the tumor.
115
Cells show many nuclei or distorted shapes
Pleomorphism
116
Hamartoma
Not a neoplasm, an abnormal growth that's made up of the same tissue from which it grows.
117
Choristoma
Not a neoplasm, mass composed of ectopic tissue. Not abnormal tissue, but in an abnormal place.
118
Polyp
A mass projecting from mucosal tissue.
119
Characteristics of malignant tissue?
Pleomorphism, hyperchromatic, hypercellularity. Abnormal mitotic figures.
120
Pleomorphism
Variation in nuclear and cytoplasmic shape
121
Hyperchromasia
Increase basophilia of nucleus, increased staining of nuclei (darker).
122
Hypercellularity
A loss of normal polarity (symmetry)
123
What is growth fraction?
The proportion of neoplastic cells in the proliferative phase
124
Infiltration of tumor cells into surrounding tissue is called?
Invasion
125
What is the spread of tumor cells to different organs through blood or lymph.
Metastasis
126
Characteristic of sarcomas
Metastasizes through blood
127
Chracteristic of Carcinomas
Metastasizes through lymph
128
Passage through the cell cycle is highly regulated at what checkpoints?
G1/S boundary
G2/M boundary
129
What is the checkpoint called during mitosis?
Spindle checkpoint
130
Regulation is achieved via the activity of what?
Protein kinases
131
Genes of critical proteins in the control process that are targeted by cancer?
Tumor suppressor genes
132
Almost every cancer shows we have an issue with which checkpoint?
G1/S
133
Malignant neoplasms result from the survival of cells that have accumulated multiple what?
Mutations
134
Types of genes that are commonly affected in carcinogenesis
Proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes, DNA repair genes
135
What are Proto-oncogenes?
commonly used during normal cell growth and development.
136
What is an Oncogene
A proto-oncogene that has mutated to cause uncontrolled cell growth.
137
What do tumor suppressor genes do?
Help control cell growth
138
First step of cell invasion
Cell adhesion to the basement membrane
139
second step of cell invasion
Local proteolysis of cell membrane
140
Third step of cell invasion
Movement of the cell through the opened membrane and the ECM.
141
The ability for tumor cells to survive and expand in the novel microenvironment of the metastatic site.
The rate- limiting step.
142
When cells lose contact with the ECM and undergo apoptosis it is called?
anoikis-apoptosis
