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FMS > Week One > Flashcards

Week One Flashcards

1
Q

Histology?

A

The study of the tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs

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2
Q

Four types of tissue?

A

Muscle
Neural
Epithelial
Connective

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics?

A
  • Aggregated polyhedral cells
  • Small amount of ECM
  • Lining of surface or body cavities
  • Glandular secretion
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4
Q

Connective tissue characteristics?

A
  • Several types of fixed and wandering cells
  • Greatest amount of ECM
  • Support and protection of tissues
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5
Q

Nervous tissue characteristics?

A
  • Elongated cells with extremely fine processes.
  • Very small amount of ECM
  • Transmission of nerve impulses
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6
Q

Muscle tissue characteristics?

A
  • Elongated contractile cells
  • Moderate amount of ECM
  • Strong contraction, body movements
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7
Q

Some reasons disease occur?

A
  • Spontaneous alteraton to a cells ability to proliferate and function.
  • External stimuli make it impossible for cell to maintain homeostasis.
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8
Q

Hyperplasia

A

More cells

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9
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Growth in terms of cell size

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10
Q

Atrophy

A

Smaller cells ( can be size and number)

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11
Q

Metaplasia

A

Mature differentiated cell transforms into different mature cell type. Reversible
Example: Barrett’s Esophagus

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12
Q

Dysplasia

A

Tissue develops large number of immature cells. Extremely disordered growth, precancerous, pleomorphism.

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13
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Semipermeable (selective)
Hydrophilic head
hydrophobic and lipophilic tail

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14
Q

What do fibroblasts make?

A

Make the ECM

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15
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments and tendons

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16
Q

What does the interstitial fluid within CT do?

A

Gives metabolic support to the cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products.

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17
Q

What does the ECM consist of?

A

Protein fibers like collagen and elastic fibers and ground substance.

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18
Q

What does GAG make?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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19
Q

What is the strongest and most abundant protein fiber in ECM?

A

Collagen

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20
Q

Where does all CT originate from?

A

Embryonic Mesenchyme

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21
Q

What does Mesenchyme consist of?

A

Undifferentiated cells, generally elongated, large nuclei and prominent nucleoli.

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22
Q

In all types of CT what exceeds the volume of the cells?

A

The ECM volume

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23
Q

What is the most common CT cell?

A

Fibroblast

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24
Q

Where are muscle cells derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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25
Q

How do muscle cells differentiate?

A

By lengthening and synthesizing myofibrillar proteins like actin and myosin.

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26
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal (Bicep)
Smooth (intestinal tract)
Cardiac

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27
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

Electrical excitability (acetylcholine/ electricity)
Contractibility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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28
Q

What causes contraction?

A

Sliding of thick myosin filaments with thin actin filaments

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29
Q

What is the cytoplasm of muscle cells called?

A

Sarcoplasm

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30
Q

What does the Sarco- prefix indicate

A

Muscle

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31
Q

Skeletal muscle characteristics?

A

Bundles of long, multinucleated cells with cross striations. Voluntarily controlled

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32
Q

Cardiac muscle characteristics?

A

Cross- striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to one another at intercalated discs. Involuntary contraction.

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33
Q

Why are intercalated discs important?

A

Facilitate coordinated contraction

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34
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics?

A

Consists of fusiform cells DOES NOT have striations, slow involuntary contractions

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35
Q

Two main groups of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering (lining) epithelia
Secretory (glandular) epithelia

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36
Q

Simple

A

One layer

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37
Q

Stratified

A

More than one layer

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38
Q

What do epithelia line?

A

All external and internal surfaces of the body

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39
Q

What must all substances that enter or leave an organ cross?

A

Epithelia

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40
Q

Apical

A

Exposed/ specialized

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41
Q

Basal

A

Basement/ adhered

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42
Q

Cuboidal cell example

A

Testes

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43
Q

Columnar cells example

A

Digestive tract

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44
Q

Squamous cells example

A

Cervix

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45
Q

Where does the epithelial typically receive nutrients from?

A

The blood vessels contained within the adjacent CT that provide nutrients and O2

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46
Q

What is the CT that underlies the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems called?

A

Lamina propria

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47
Q

Papillae occur most frequently where?

A

In epithelial tissues subject to friction, like the skin or tongue.

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48
Q

What does the stratum corneum contain

A

Dead cells

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49
Q

Stratum Lucidum characteristics?

A

Not always present, clear thick skin seen on the palms and bottom of the feet.

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50
Q

Stratum granulosum characteristics?

A

This is where cells begin to die and dehydrate.

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51
Q

Stratum spinosum characteristics?

A

Contains mitotic cells, dendritic cells (langerhans)/ immunocompetent cells.

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52
Q

Stratum Basale

A

deepest layer of epithelium, new skin cell development

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53
Q

State the order top to bottom

A

Come - Stratum corneum
Lets - Stratum lucidum
Get - Stratum granulosum
Sun - Stratum spinosum
Burnt - Stratum basale

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54
Q

Cell Function: Facilitates movement, active transport by pinocytosis, secretion. Simple

A

Squamous Simple

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55
Q

Examples of distribution: endothelium, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

A

Squamous Simple

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56
Q

Cell Function: covering, secretion, Simple

A

Cuboidal Simple

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57
Q

Examples of distribution: Covering the ovary, thyroid

A

Cuboidal Simple

58
Q

Cell Function: Protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion. Simple

A

Columnar Simple

59
Q

Examples of distribution: Lining of intestine and gallbladder

A

Columnar Simple

60
Q

Cell function: protection, prevents water loss.

A

Squamous (keratinized) Stratified

61
Q

Examples of distribution: Epidermis

A

Squamous (keratinized) Stratified

62
Q

Cell function: Protection, secretion, prevents water loss.

A

Squamous (Non-keratinized) Stratified

63
Q

Examples of distribution: Mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal

A

Squamous (non-keratinized) Stratified

64
Q

Cell function: Protection, secretion

A

Cuboidal Stratified

65
Q

Example of distribution: Sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles.

A

Cuboidal Stratified

66
Q

Cell function: Protection, distensibility

A

Transitional

67
Q

Examples of distribution: Bladder, ureters, renal calyces.

A

Transitional

68
Q

Cell function: Protection

A

Columnar stratified

69
Q

Examples of distribution: Conjunctiva

A

Columnar stratified

70
Q

Cell function: Protection, secretion, cilia mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus, out of the air passages.

A

Pseudostratified

71
Q

Examples of distribution: Lining of trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity.

A

Pseudostratified

72
Q

The ability of specialized cells to respond to stimuli

A

excitability

73
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron called?

A

Soma

74
Q

What does a nucleolus do?

A

Process rRNA and produces ribosomes in the nucleus.

75
Q

Signals going out =

A

Axon

76
Q

Signals coming in =

A

Dendrite

77
Q

Where do dendrites extend from?

A

The soma

78
Q

What are the small branches of the axon called?

A

Telodendria

79
Q

What is the knob like structure that forms connections?

A

Synapse

80
Q

What is the axon covered in?

A

Myelin sheath

81
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Insulate the signal and decrease degradation.

82
Q

Myelin cells of the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

83
Q

Myelin cell of the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

84
Q

What is the space in between Myelin?

A

Nodes

85
Q

What makes up the largest percentage of body weight intracellular or interstitial fluid?

A

Intracellular!

86
Q

What makes up the smallest percentage of body weight?

A

Blood plasma

87
Q

If salinity is too high what happens to the cells?

A

Crenation- cells atrophy and collapse

88
Q

High in NaCl and low in K

A

Extracellular fluid

89
Q

What is extracellular fluid made of?

A

Interstitial fluid and blood plasma

90
Q

Low in NaCl and high in K

A

Intracellular fluid

91
Q

Cell murder

A

Necrosis

92
Q

Cell suicide

A

Apoptosis

93
Q

Adaption to non-homeostatic conditions can manifest as?

A

Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Dysplasia (tumors)

94
Q

When cells cannot adapt to non-homeostatic conditions we see?

A

Necrosis, apoptosis

95
Q

Name the normal cell adaption: increase breast tissue size during pregnancy.

A

Hyperplasia

96
Q

Name the pathologic cell adaption: Proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged E2 stimulus.

A

Hyperplasia

97
Q

Name the normal cell adaption: Enlargement of skeletal muscle with exercise.

A

Hypertrophy

98
Q

Name the pathologic cell adaption: Enlargement of the heart due to aortic stenosis.

A

Hypertrophy

99
Q

Name the normal cell adaption: Decrease in the size of the uterus after pregnancy

A

Atrophy

100
Q

Name the pathologic cell adaption: Kidney shrinking because atherosclerosis of renal artery resulting in ischemia.

A

Atrophy

101
Q

Neoplasia

A

New growth

102
Q

Benign Neoplasm from glandular cells

A

Adenoma

103
Q

Malignant neoplasm from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

104
Q

Malignant neoplasm from mesenchymal cells

A

Sarcoma

105
Q

Malignant neoplasm from lymphocytes

A

Lymphoma

106
Q

Malignant neoplasm from melanocytes

A

Melanoma

107
Q

Generally ends in JUST OMA

A

Benign neoplasms (so many exceptions do not rely on this)

108
Q

Generally ends in Sarcoma or Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasms

109
Q

Benign neoplasm of smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

110
Q

Malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyosarcoma

111
Q

Well differentiated

A

Resemble cells they differentiated from

112
Q

Moderately differentiated

A

Some cells look the same some do not

113
Q

Poorly differentiated

A

Cell origin is hard to recognize (WORST)

114
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation, makes it difficult to know the origin of the tumor.

115
Q

Cells show many nuclei or distorted shapes

A

Pleomorphism

116
Q

Hamartoma

A

Not a neoplasm, an abnormal growth that’s made up of the same tissue from which it grows.

117
Q

Choristoma

A

Not a neoplasm, mass composed of ectopic tissue. Not abnormal tissue, but in an abnormal place.

118
Q

Polyp

A

A mass projecting from mucosal tissue.

119
Q

Characteristics of malignant tissue?

A

Pleomorphism, hyperchromatic, hypercellularity. Abnormal mitotic figures.

120
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in nuclear and cytoplasmic shape

121
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

Increase basophilia of nucleus, increased staining of nuclei (darker).

122
Q

Hypercellularity

A

A loss of normal polarity (symmetry)

123
Q

What is growth fraction?

A

The proportion of neoplastic cells in the proliferative phase

124
Q

Infiltration of tumor cells into surrounding tissue is called?

A

Invasion

125
Q

What is the spread of tumor cells to different organs through blood or lymph.

A

Metastasis

126
Q

Characteristic of sarcomas

A

Metastasizes through blood

127
Q

Chracteristic of Carcinomas

A

Metastasizes through lymph

128
Q

Passage through the cell cycle is highly regulated at what checkpoints?

A

G1/S boundary
G2/M boundary

129
Q

What is the checkpoint called during mitosis?

A

Spindle checkpoint

130
Q

Regulation is achieved via the activity of what?

A

Protein kinases

131
Q

Genes of critical proteins in the control process that are targeted by cancer?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

132
Q

Almost every cancer shows we have an issue with which checkpoint?

A

G1/S

133
Q

Malignant neoplasms result from the survival of cells that have accumulated multiple what?

A

Mutations

134
Q

Types of genes that are commonly affected in carcinogenesis

A

Proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes, DNA repair genes

135
Q

What are Proto-oncogenes?

A

commonly used during normal cell growth and development.

136
Q

What is an Oncogene

A

A proto-oncogene that has mutated to cause uncontrolled cell growth.

137
Q

What do tumor suppressor genes do?

A

Help control cell growth

138
Q

First step of cell invasion

A

Cell adhesion to the basement membrane

139
Q

second step of cell invasion

A

Local proteolysis of cell membrane

140
Q

Third step of cell invasion

A

Movement of the cell through the opened membrane and the ECM.

141
Q

The ability for tumor cells to survive and expand in the novel microenvironment of the metastatic site.

A

The rate- limiting step.

142
Q

When cells lose contact with the ECM and undergo apoptosis it is called?

A

anoikis-apoptosis

FMS (2 decks)

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