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Brain and Behaviour > Week one > Flashcards

Week one Flashcards

Evolution of the brain

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Define Nerve Net

A

A diffuse network of neurons that branch to each other and receive info from the environment and output info so that organisms can move their muscles.

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2
Q

Define Bilateral Symmetry

A

Nervous System mirrors its other side.

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3
Q

Define Segmentation

A

Series of muscular segmants

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4
Q

Define Ganglia

A

‘gang’.

Clusters of neurons resembling primitive brains and function like command centres,

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5
Q

Define Spinal Cord

A

Pathway connecting brain to body.

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6
Q

Define Chordates

A

Animals that have a brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Whats the definition of a brain?

A

Chordate phylum have a ‘true brain’ specialised to control distinctive behaviour.

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8
Q

Phylum?

A

subdivision. grouping all classes of organisms that have a similar body plan.

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9
Q

Characteristics of neanderthals

A

They had large brains and advanced tools which helped in areas such as metacognition.

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10
Q

Characteristics of Cro-Magnon man

A

Large brains and sophisticated tools (steady increase in brain size resulting in homo sapiens developing increasingly sophisticated tools). Also, behavioural flexibility.

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11
Q

THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

Explain the anatomical organisation of the NS

A

The NS branches out to the CNS and PNS.
CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
PNS is made up of the somatic ns and autonomic ns.

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12
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Made up of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Carries sensory info to the CNS from muscles, joints and skin.
Also transmits outgoing motor instructions for movement.

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13
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Composed of the sympathetic division (arousing) and parasympathetic division (calming).
Balances body’s internal organs through PS and S nerves.

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14
Q

Define Afferent

A

Sensory info coming into the NS.

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15
Q

Define Efferent

A

Info leaving the NS.

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16
Q

THE BRAIN

Midline?

A

Middle

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17
Q

Front?

A

Anterior

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18
Q

Bottom?

A

Ventral

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19
Q

Top?

A

Dorsal

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20
Q

Side?

A

Lateral

21
Q

Back?

A

Posterior

22
Q

How many hemispheres does the brain have?

A

2, right & left.

23
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

The brains thin outer layer.

24
Q

How many cerebral arteries for blood supply in the brain and what are their names?

A

3.
Anterior CA
Middle CA
Posterior CA

25
Q

How many types of tissue in the brain and what are they called?

A

2.
Gray Matter
White Matter

26
Q

What is the Gray Matter?

A

This tissue comprises cell bodies and capillary blood vessels.
Neurons function to collect and modify info.

27
Q

What is the White Matter?

A

Nerve fibres with fatty coverings.

Function to form connections so parts of the brain can communicate with other parts of the brain.

28
Q

How many ventricles in the brain and what is their role?

A
  1. Ventricles protect the brain as the fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) within them, surrounds the brain and spinal cord, cushioning them and protecting them from trauma.
29
Q

SPINAL CORD, BRAINSTORM & FOREBRAIN

Explain the spinal cord.

A

Thin bundle of tissue extending from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem.
Info pathway connecting brain and PNS.
Produces most movements from instructions from the brain (motor cortex) but can act independently (reflex)

30
Q

Explain the brainstem

A

Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull and extends into the lower area of the forebrain.
Comprised of 3 regions: the hindbrain, midbrain, and diencephalon.
Receives afferent nerves and sends efferent nerves to the spinal cord.

31
Q

Explain the Forebrain (and cortex)

A

Cerebral Cortex : outer layer of brain.
Neocortex (cerebral cortex)
Basal Ganglia
Limbic system

32
Q

Neocortex?

A

Regulates most of mental activities

33
Q

Basal Ganglia?

A

Controls voluntary movement with substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus and thalamus (Parkinsons disease)

34
Q

Limbic system?

A

Located on both sides of the thalamus, under the cerebrum.
Plays a role in emotion, sexual behaviour, memory and motivation.
Regulates emotions and behaviours that create and require memory.
Interconnected with the nucleus accumbens, the brain’s pleasure centre.
Significant role in reward. Teaching a certain behaviour is good (dopaminergic projection)

35
Q

THE LOBES

Frontal lobe

A

Front of the brain.

Involved in cognition i.e., problem solving, decision making and planning.

36
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Posterior the frontal lobe.
Above the occipital lobe,
Involved in receiving and processing sensory info.

37
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Below the parietal lobe

Main center for visual processing.

38
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Directly below the frontal and parietal lobe.

Involved in memory, emotion, hearing and language/

39
Q

What is the Somantic Nervous System?

A

Part of the PNS.
Transmits sensation and produces movements.
(transmission system: takes info in and sends info out)
Voluntary control
Made up of afferent and efferent nerves.

40
Q

How many nerve parts are in the SNS and what are they called?

A

3.
Spinal nerves.
Afferent nerves.
Efferent nerves.

41
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A

They carry sensory info into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.
They’re mixed nerves which carry motor, sensory and autonomic signals.

42
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A 
31 pairs. If left is damaged, right can function and vice versa.
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
43
Q

What are Afferent nerves made up of?

A

Dorsal fibers

44
Q

What are efferent nerves made up of?

A

Ventral fibers

45
Q

What are dorsal tracts?

A

Sensory

46
Q

What are ventral tracts?

A

Motor

47
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Division of the PNS which influences the function of internal organs.
Largely unconscious.
Regulates heart rate, digestion, respiritory rate, pupillary response, urinaition and sexual arousal.

Primary mechanism: in control of fight or flight mediated by two components. Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

48
Q

What is the Sympathetic NS?

A

Considered the fight or flight system.

Maintains homeostasis.

49
Q

What is the Parasympathetic NS?

A

Considered the rest and digest system, or feed and breed activities that occur when body is at rest.

Brain and Behaviour (1 decks)

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