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PHYSIOLOGY II > WEEK III (Role of white blood cells) > Flashcards

WEEK III (Role of white blood cells) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the standard platelet count?

A

150-400 K/uL

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2
Q

What is the standard Lymphocyte % in the blood?

A

26.0-46.0 %

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3
Q

What is the standard White blood cell count and Red blood cell count?

A

WBC = 4.0-11.0 K/uL
RBC = 4.40-6.00 M/uL

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4
Q

What is the standard Haemoglobin count in the blood?

A

13.5-18.0 g/dL

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5
Q

What are Leukocytes/White blood cells?

A

The mobile units of the body’s immune defence system

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6
Q

Define Immunity

A

The body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells

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7
Q

What makes up the immune system?

A

Leukocytes and their derivatives & a variety of plasma proteins

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8
Q

What is the immune system?

A

An internal defence system that recognises and either destroys or neutralises materials that are foreign to the “normal self”

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9
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A
  • Defends against invading disease-producing microorganisms
  • Removes worn out cells and debris which paves the way for wound healing and tissue repair
  • Identifies and destroys cancer cells that arise in the body
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10
Q

What are the properties of leukocytes?

A
  • Go out to sites of invasion or tissue damage
  • Located in the blood for rapid transport from their site of production or storage to wherever they are needed
  • Widely dispersed
  • Can defend in any location
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11
Q

What differentiates leukocytes from erythrocytes?

A

Leukocytes are able to exit the blood by assuming AMOEBALIKE behaviour to wriggle through narrow capillary pores and crawl to assaulted areas

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12
Q

What are the properties of Leukocytes?

A
  • Lack haemoglobin so are colourless
  • Vary in structure, function and number
  • Larger than Red blood cells
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13
Q

What are the five different types of Leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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14
Q

What categorises leukocytes into Granulocytes or Agranulocytes?

A
  • Appearance of their nuclei
  • Presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm
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15
Q

Which Leukocytes fall into Polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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16
Q

What are the properties of Polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A
  • Nuclei are segmented into several lobes of varying shapes
  • Cytoplasm contains an abundance of membrane-enclosed granules
  • Granules contain preformed, stored chemicals that are released by exocytosis when stimulated
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17
Q

How are the three different types of Granulocytes set apart?

A

On the basis of the varying affinity of their granules for dyes

EOSINOPHILS -> affinity for RED DYE eosin
BASOPHILS -> basic BLUE DYE
Neutrophils -> Neutral -> Show no dye preference

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18
Q

Which leukocytes fall into Mononuclear Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes & Lymphocytes

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19
Q

What are the properties of Mononuclear Agranulocytes?

A
  • Single, large, non-segmented nucleus
  • Few granules
  • MONOCYTES = larger of the two & oval/kidney shaped nucleus
  • LYMPHOCYTES = smaller of the two & large, spherical nucleus
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20
Q

What are the functions of Neutrophils?

A
  • Engulf and destroy bacteria intracellularly
  • Neutrophil granules containing ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS fuse with invading bacteria ingested by PHAGOCYTOSIS and kill them inside the cell
  • Release bacteria-killing chemicals into the ECF by exocytosis (DEGRANULATION)
  • Programmed cell death (NETosis) which they kill nearby bacteria
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21
Q

What happens during NETosis?

A

Neutrophils use vital cellular materials to prepare a web of fibers called NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS (NETs) which release into the ECF on their death -> fibers consist of CHROMATIN from the neutrophil’s nucleus studded with antimicrobial proteins from its cytoplasmic granules -> NETs bind with bacteria, trapping then destroying these foreign invaders extracellularly

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22
Q

An increase in circulating neutrophils (NEUTROPHILIA) accompanies which type of infection?

A

Acute Bacterial Infection

[This is why a DIFFERENTIAL WBC COUNT can be used to predict whether an infection is of bacterial or viral origin]

23
Q

What makes a differential WBC count clinically appropriate?

A

Culturing a sample of the infected tissue’s fluid for a definite answer takes several days -> Differential WBC count -> Elevated Neutrophil count is highly indicative of bacterial infection -> Antibiotic therapy can be initiated long before the causative agent is known

24
Q

An increase in Eosinophils (EOSINOPHILIA) is associated with what?

A

Allergic reaction & Internal parasitic infections

25
Q

How do Eosinophils attack parasitic worms?

A

Attach to the worm and secrete substances that kill it

26
Q

What are the properties of Basophils?

A
  • Least numerous of leukocytes
  • Similar structurally and functionally to mast cells
  • Never circulate in blood but are dispersed in connective tissue
  • Synthesise and store Histamine and Heparin
27
Q

What is the function of Histamine?

A

Important in allergic reactions

28
Q

What is the function of Heparin?

A
  • Speeds up removal of fat particles from the blood
  • Plays a role in immune responses
  • Prevents coagulation & used as a anticoagulant drug
29
Q

What is the life cycle of a granulocyte?

A

Stays in the blood for less than a day before entering tissues -> survives another 3 to 4 days unless it dies in the line of duty

30
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?

A
  • Become large tissue phagocytes called MACROPHAGES
  • Performs phagocytosis
31
Q

Describe the life cycle of a Monocyte

A

Emerge from bone marrow while still immature and circulate for only A DAY OR TWO before settling down in various tissues throughout the body -> Continue to enlarge and mature becoming MACROPHAGES -> Life span ranges from months to years unless it dies while performing PHAGOCYTOSIS

32
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes?

A

Provide immune defence against targets for which they are specifically programmed

33
Q

What are the two different types of Lymphocytes?

A
  • B LYMPHOCYTES = produce antibodies which circulate in the blood and are responsible for antibody-mediated/humeral immunity
  • T LYMPHOCYTES = directly destroy their specific target cells by releasing chemicals that punch holes in the victim cell (CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY)
34
Q

Describe the life cycle of a Lymphocyte

A
  • Lymphocytes live for about 100-300 days
  • Only a small amount of total lymphocytes are in transit in the blood at any given moment
  • Most continually recycle among the BLOOD, LYMPH and LYMPHOID TISSUES spending a few hours in the blood
35
Q

What are Lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymphocyte containing tissues such as lymph nodes and tonsils

36
Q

Describe the Antibody

A
  • Antigen binding site
  • Constant region
  • Variable region
  • Heavy chain
  • Light chain
  • Disulphide bridge
37
Q

What do all leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets come from?

A

Undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells

38
Q

What happens to pluripotent stem cells destined to become WBCs?

A

They eventually differentiate into various committed cells lines and proliferate under the influence of appropriate stimulating factors

39
Q

Where are Granulocytes & Monocytes produced?

A

Only in bone marrow which releases these mature leukocytes into the blood

40
Q

Where are Lymphocytes produced?

A

Originally from precursor cells in the bone marrow but most new ones come from LYMPHOCYTE COLONIES already in LYMPHOID TISSUES originally populated by cells derived from bone marrow

41
Q

What is the least numerous of all blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

[not because fewer are produced but because they are merely in transit while in the blood]

42
Q

What controls the rates of production of the various WBCs?

A

Chemical messengers arising from invaded or damaged tissues or from activated leukocytes themselves

43
Q

What is a lab-produced messenger that directs the differentiation and proliferation of each cell type?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

44
Q

What are the properties of Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor?

A
  • Stimulates increased replication and release of granulocytes from bone marrow
  • Increases immune defence
  • Decreases the incidence of infection in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy
  • Suppress all rapidly dividing cells (hematopoietic cells, cancer cells)
45
Q

What is the body’s only defence still available when bone marrow fails?

A

The immune capabilities of the lymphocytes produced by lymphoid tissues

46
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

A cancerous condition involving uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells

47
Q

What are the consequences of Leukemia?

A
  • Very high WBC count but most are ABNORMAL or IMMATURE so cannot perform their normal defence functions
  • Displacement of other blood cell lines in bone marrow -> Reduced ERYTHROPOIESIS and INTERNAL BLEEDING because of platelet deficit -> Anemia
48
Q

What are the properties of Monocytes?

A
  • Found in blood
  • Differentiate into macrophages
  • Large, kidney shaped nucleus
  • Extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm
49
Q

What are the properties of Macrophages?

A
  • Antigen-presenting cell
  • Phagocytose bacteria, cellular debris & senscent RBCs
  • Differentiate from circulating blood monocytes
  • Engage in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • Important cellular component of granulomas where they may fuse to form giant cells
  • Activated by IFN-gamma
50
Q

What are the properties of Eosinophils?

A
  • Defend against helminthic infections
  • Bilobate nucleus
  • Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size
  • Highly phagocytic for antigen-antibody complexes
  • Produce histamines
51
Q

What are the causes of Eosinophilia?

A
  • Parasites
  • Asthma
  • Chronic adrenal insufficiency
  • Myeloproliferative disorders
  • Allergic processes
  • Neoplasia
  • Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

[PACMAN Eats]

52
Q

What are the properties of Basophils?

A
  • Mediate allergic reactions
  • Densely basophilic granules (heparin and histamine)
  • Leukotrienes synthesised and released on demand
53
Q

What are the properties of Mast Cells?

A
  • Mediate local tissue allergic reactions
  • Contain basophilic granules
  • Activated by tissue trauma
  • Originate from the same precursor as basophils but are not the same cell type
54
Q

Describe Mastocytosis

A
  • A rare proliferation of mast cells in skin and/or extracutaneous organs
  • Associated with c-KIT mutations and increase serum tryptase

PHYSIOLOGY II (15 decks)

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