Week Four - Lecture Flashcards
Define risk factors:
Analogous to a snowball- earlier onset has a cumulative effect on subsequent, longer term risk trajectory.
Or like a snowstorm- multiple risks experienced concurrently that increase likelihood of harmful drug use.
“The more risk factors that persist over longer periods of time, the greater the subsequent..impact” (Loxley, p 72).
Define SES risk factor:
Low Social Status and the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor have been noted to impact upon morbidity, morality, and other health-risk behaviours such as drug use. This most likely arises through economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict, which negatively influence physical and mental health, well-being, coping, and competence of individuals in the community.
Define Trauma risk factor:
Children affected by abuse or neglect have a higher risk of problems later in life
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
How might people think drugs are “helping” them with trauma?
How might trauma impact treatment?
Define genetics risk factor:
Genetic / biological
Examples: Variations in the metabolism of substances Temperament Behavioural problems Personality factors
Define protective factors ethnicity:
Depends on a number of factors
Some indication being born outside Australia is protective
family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision
Also can be a risk factor
Low SES communities, family trauma, social isolation
Indigenous risk factor
Not biological/genetic
Related to poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession & exclusion, & some other cultural factors (sharing culture, no traditional rules for alc.)
Define risk factor education:
Academic failure / Learning or behavioural difficulties at school
[] May be both a contributor to and a result of drug use
[] Can result in detachment from school community
[] Impact on self-perception
Timing important
[] Grade 1 academic failure does not predict later delinquency
[] Grade 5 academic failure does predict later delinquency
Ongoing implications
[] Poor academic performance can lead to a lack of training or employment opportunities
Define protective factors education:
Pro-social contact
Including positive relationships with adults
Minimises boredom
Enhances intelligence
Development and identification of talents
Explore future aspirations
Environment supporting positive health behaviours
Define risk factor personality
Personality traits
Rebelliousness, non-conformity, low sense of responsibility, resistance to authority…
Sensation-seeking traits / adventurous personality
Define risk factor - peer factors
Strong predictor of later drug abuse
Not “just” peer pressure
Peers have a strong immediate influence on choices
Peer modelling (social learning theory)
Shared sense of:
Alienation/Rebelliousness/Sensation seeking
Define general protective factors:
Positive family relationships Clear, consistent boundaries Healthy attachments / social bonding Stability and connectedness Proactive problem solving - resilience Development of a special talent Can lead to pro-drug using peer groups though Personality and temperament Career goals / aspirations Above average intelligence
Define prevention::
“Prevention refers to measures that prevent or delay the onset of drug use as well as measures that protect against risk and reduce harm associated with drug supply and use”
Define the prevention levels:
> Primary: preventing uptake = preventing non-users starting or delaying first use.
> Secondary: Preventing harm = reducing risks to experimental / social users and avoiding transition to more regular use or possible harms.
> Tertiary: Reducing harm = reducing use or potential harms among regular users.
Define prevention targets:
Targets of prevention strategies
Universal: targeting whole populations
National campaigns, advertising programs
Selective: subgroups with above-average risk
School-based programs, Alcohol free communities
Indicated: individuals with detectable symptoms
Counselling, advice lines, educational pamphlets
