WEEK FOUR - Anatomy of the pulmonary circuit Flashcards
Outline the route of blood flow through the pulmonary circuit
- Pulmonary trunk –> bifurcates into LHS RHS pulmonary arteries
- The pulmonary artery branches –> capillaries around the alveoli of lungs
- venous blood from the right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs [becomes oxygenated] –> returns via pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> participate in systemic circulation.
11
Identify & name the principal arteries (*) of the body
R+L common carotid
R+ L subclavian
R+L coronary
sup.inf vena cava
aortic arch/asc.desc aorta
axillary
brachial
radial ulnar
palmar arches
celiac trunk
inf.sup. mesenteric
renal
common iliac
internal iliac
splenic
hepatic
femoral
deep femoral
popilteal
anterior tib
post tib
fibular
plantar arch
5 6 3 4 6
Identify & name the principal veins (*) of the body
HEAD+NECK
1. superior sagittal sinus [SF]
2. internal + external jugular v
3. axillary v.
4. subclavian v.
5. brachiocephalic v.
UPPER LIMBS
1. brachial v.
2. radial v. [DEEP]
3. ulnar v. [DEEP]
4. cephalic v. [SF]
5. median cubital v. [SF]
6. basilic v. [SF]
INFERIOR VENA CAVA AND TRIBUTARIES
1. R+L renal v.
2. common iliac v.
3. internal + external iliac v.
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
[drains blood from stomach/spleen/intestine –> liver]
1. hepatic portal v. [HPV]
2. splenic v.
3. inf. vena cava
4. inf.sup. mesenteric v.
LOWER LIMBS
1. great + small saphenous v. [SF]
2. femoral v.
3. popliteal v.
4. external iliac v.
5. posterior tibial v.
6. fibular v.
9
Identify where the major pulse points can be found and state the name of the artery for each area
- Superficial temporal a [anterior to ear]
- Facial [ramus of mandible]
- Common carotid a [anterolateral neck]
- Brachial a [inferomedial arm]
- Radial a [anterolateral wrist under thumb]
- Femoral a [femoral triangle in superomedial thigh]
- Popliteal abehind knee]
- Dorsalis pedis a [dorsal foot]
List the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system
- immunity
- fluids from all capillary beds are filtered at lymph nodes by immune cells
- immune cells = ready to respond to foreign cells/chemicals - liquid absorption
- Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids - fluid recovery
- Absorbs small amounts of plasma proteins and fluid [2-4L/day] from tissues and returns it to bloodstream via subclavian veins
Describe the structure of lymph and lymphatic vessels
lymph = Clear colourless fluid, similar to plasma, made of: WBC [Formed from fluid that leaks from capillaries
lymphatic capillaries = SMALLEST of lymphatic vessels
- Tethered to surrounding tissue by protein filaments
- Endothelial cells loosely overlapped = allow bacteria/other cells to
lymphatic vessels = LARGER than capillaries
Composed of THREE layers
Tunica interna
Endothelium + valves
Tunica media
Elastic fibres, smooth muscle
Tunica externa
Thin outer CT layer
Order the flow of lymph from smallest to largest of lymphatic vessels
[Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic Vessels → Lymphatic trunks → Lymphatic ducts]
- Lymphatic capillaries converge → form collecting vessels
- Collecting vessels - travel with veins/arteries –> converge –> form lymphatic trunks
- Lymphatic trunks w/ 6 branches drain major portions of the body –> converge to form collecting ducts
- Collecting ducts
- R lymphatic duct = receives lymph from R arm + R side of head/thorax –> empties into R subclavian vein
- thoracic duct [larger and longer[
begins as cisterna chyli [sac in abdomen]
receives lymph from below diaphragm, L arm, L side of head/neck/thorax –> empties into L subclavian vein
List 5 mechanisms by which lymphatic return is achieved
1 - Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
2 - Skeletal muscle pump
3 - Thoracic pump aids flow from abdomen to thoracic cavity
4 - Valves prevent backward flow
5 - Exercise significantly increases lymphatic return
Name the major types of lymphatic cells and state their function
T lymphocytes [T cells]
Function to recognise and attack foreign antigens
Mature in Thymus
B lymphocytes [B cells]
Activation = proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies
Mature in Bone
Natural killer [NK] cells [another type of lymphocyte]
Immune surveillance
Antigen Presenting Cells [APCs]
Help T cells recognise foreign antigens
APC - Macrophages
From monocytes –> phagocytose foreign matter and display fragments on surface for T cells
APC - Dendritic cells
In epidermis, mucous membranes and lymphatic organs –> alert immune system of surface breaches
APC - Reticular cells - Branched stationary APC’s –> contribute to stroma of lymph organs
Lymphatic organs; describe structure and function of lymph nodes
~ 450 lymph nodes [3cm kidney bean shape]
- functions : filter/cleanse lymph and act as site for T and B cell activation
- widespread throughout body but tend to be concentrated in groin, axilla, cervical region, abdomen and behind knees
Lymphatic organs; describe structure and function of thymus
In superior mediastinum [between medial top of lungs]
function : secrete hormones and houses developing lymphocytes
very large in fetus - shrinks with age [involution]
Lymphatic organs; describe structure and function of spleen
LARGEST lymphatic organ
located between diaphragm and stomach
function: RBC disposal,
immune surveillance w WBCs, blood reservoir
OPHAG
State and describe 5 functions of the respiratory system
- olfaction
- provides passage in nasal cavity for odorants to be detected by olfactory cells - phonation
- house vocal cords = communication - cleaning, warming, humidification of inspired air
- dust particles stick to nasal mucosa and conchae = pick up heat and moisture = protects epithelium - conduction of air
- series of airways that connect nose/mouth to alveoli - gas exchange
- facilitates exchange of O2 and Co2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
4 ORGANS
[TCE2ACC]
Name and describe the anatomy of the principal organs of the upper respiratory tract
- NOSE
- shaped by nasal bone + hyaline/alar cartilage + dense CT
- ala nasi [round lateral sides] = shaped by alar cartilage and dense CT - NASAL CAVITY
- nasal cavities [fossa] divided by septum
- each nasal fossa = nasal conchae [3 folds of tissue - increases SA]
- meatuses = narrow air passage beneath each conchae - PHARYNX
- nasopharynx [superior]
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- oropharynx [middle]
[junction of nasal and oral cavities]
stratified squamous epithelium - laryngopharynx [inferior]
stratified squamous epithelium
- LARYNX
- epiglottis - guards glottis by directing food/drink backwards to eosophagus
- glottis [houses VOCAL CORDS]
Consists of NINE cartilages [TCE2ACC]
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid [2], cuneiform [2], and corniculate [2]
Name and describe the anatomy of the principal organs of the lower respiratory tract
- LUNGS
- alveolar tissue, bronchi, blood vessels and elastic lung tissue
- R lung = 3 lobes [sup.mid.inf] separated by fissures
- L lung = two lobes and indentation [cardiac impression - BRONCHIAL TREE [CONDUCTING ZONE]
- primary bronchi = Conduction to each LUNG
- secondary bronchi = Conduction to each LOBE of lung
- tertiary bronchi = Overlapping cartilage plates
- bronchioles
= NO cartilage - replaced by smooth muscle
- BRONCHIAL TREE [RESPIRATORY ZONE]
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts and sacs
Alveoli
- Type 1 cells [site of GAS DIFFUSION]
96% of surface area
- type 2 cells
[alveolar EPITHELIAL REPAIR and surfactant secretion]
4% of surface area - Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytosis of dust particles
