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Ecology and Environment I > Week Four > Flashcards

Week Four Flashcards

Plant Science Water Introduction

1
Q

Four Inputs required for Photosynthesis and Growth?

A
  1. Sunlight
  2. CO2
  3. H2O
  4. Mineral Nutrients
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2
Q

Two major Outputs of Photosynthesis?

A
  1. O2

2. Sucrose

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3
Q

Autotrophs are…

A

Primary Producers

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4
Q

Five plant organs?

A
  1. Roots (anchor, draws water)
  2. `Stem (structural support, carries water and protects)
  3. Leaves (acquire energy)
  4. Flower (sex organs)
  5. Fruits (production, fertilization)
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5
Q

Three types of Herbaceous Plants?

A
  1. Forb (flowering plant)
  2. Graminoids (grass-like morphology)
  3. aquatics (can only grow in fully saturated soil or on water surface)
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6
Q

Local environmental factors affecting plants?

A
  1. Climate
  2. Nutrient access
  3. Water access and soil texture
  4. Light availability
  5. Herbivory
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7
Q

Two most important variables affecting plants?

A
  1. Temperature

2. Rainfall

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8
Q

Deciduous Tree features?

A
  • Higher photosynthetic rate (greater surface area to capture light)
  • Can capture more energy, produce more sugars, grow faster
  • Can out compete evergreens when resources are present
  • More resources required to grow
  • More susceptible to stress due to growth rate and metabolic demands
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9
Q

Coniferous Tree features?

A
  • Is photosynthetic all year long
  • Does not shed leaves annually so has lower nutrient turnover requirement
  • More widely spread
  • Can grow in in more extreme climates (colder, dryer, nutrient poor, etc.)
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10
Q

Canada Forest Ownership?

A
  • 94% land publicly owed
  • 4% federally owned
  • 90% by provinces
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11
Q

Why do Leaves change colour?

A

Leaves contain 3 colour pigments: carotene (y), anthocyanin (r), chlorophyll (g)
• Dominant pigment dictates colour, trees absorbs remaining energy as auxin lessens and colours “change”
o auxin= keeps vasculars open to allow circulation, less auxin (less sunlight)= less chlorophyll= colour change)

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12
Q

What is succession? Two types?

A

• Process of environmental modification (facilitation) by organisms
o Pioneer species may give way to secondary species
o Secondary species give way to climax species

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13
Q

Principle of Tolerance states:

A

o All plants grow towards the light
o Different species of trees have differing abilities to tolerate extended periods under a closed canopy
o Tolerant= ability to survive being shaded
o Intolerant¬= unable to survive shade

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14
Q

First stage of Succession?

A
  1. Disturbance/nudation
    o Disturbance: a change (or alteration) in an ecosystem/community
    i. Can be natural (fire, flood) or artificial (clear cutting)
    o Nudation: a new area or new surface previously without life becomes exposed or unstable
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15
Q

Second stage of Succession?

A 
2.	Pioneer Species
o	Rapid growth
o	Excellent dispersal (lots of seeds)
o	Excellent recovery from stress 
o	Shade-intolerant
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16
Q

Third stage of Succession?

A
  1. Competition
    o Plants/animals that are better suited to the environment will out-compete and replace existing species
    o There will be a change in the profile of diversity as the area develops
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17
Q

Fourth stage of Succession?

A
  1. Climax Community

o Stable community in a successional series

18
Q

Silviculture:

A

the application of the principles of forest ecology to a stand of trees to help meet specified objectives

19
Q

Clear-cutting:

A

90% of all trees removed. No size of breeding criteria used

20
Q

Seed Trees:

A

90% of all trees removed but large, mature breeders are specifically left for natural regeneration using seed base

21
Q

Shelterwood: 70-80% trees per acre are removed on site to provide some shelter for seedlings for the first few years

A

70-80% trees per acre are removed on site to provide some shelter for seedlings for the first few years

22
Q

Group selection:

A

20% of trees removed in group selection harvests are basically small clear-cuts

23
Q

Single Tree Selection:

A

Only single trees are removed (less than 10% of tree stand) This creates only small gaps with minimal additional light reaching ground level

24
Q

Succession on global stage:

A
  • 36% old growth forests (uncut)
  • 57% secondary growth
  • 7% tree plantations
25
Q

St Lawrence Lowlands’ Water

A 
o	High conductivity 
o	High TDS
o	Sedimentary bedrock 
o	Limestone and dolomite
o	Hard water 
o	Mineral component: calcium carbonate
26
Q

Precambrian’s Water

A 
o	Conductivity: low 
o	TDS: low 
o	Bedrock: igneous metamorphic 
o	Granites and Gneiss 
o	Soft water
o	Silicates
27
Q

Alkalinity

A
  • Buffering capacity, ability neutralize acid
  • Measured in mg/L
  • Water alkalinity is 156.6 mg/L
  • Carbonates bind with excess hydrogen which reduces acidity and neutralizes water
28
Q

Fresh Water Ecosystems requirements?

A
  1. Water
  2. Nutrients
  3. Solar energy
  4. Oxygen
  5. CO2
  6. Growing temperature
29
Q

Two types of Freshwater?

A
  • Lotic: moving water, high elevation, cold, high O2, trout, streamlined plants
  • Lentic: standing water, lower elevations, warmer, less O2, bass, amphibious cattails, rushes
30
Q

Riffle vs. Pool

A

Riffles: site of primary production
Pools: site of decomposition

31
Q

Stream Organisms:

A
  1. Shredders: e.g. Caddisflies, feed on coarse organic matter (leaves)
  2. Collectors: e.g. black fly and midge larvae, fine organic matter (digested coarse organic matter) collected on the stream bottom
  3. Grazers: e.g. beetle larvae and water penny, algal coating stones and rubble
  4. Predators: e.g. Fish, feed on all other organisms
32
Q

Riparian Zone: an important and productive vegetated area near a stream which helps shade and protect a stream from erosion and flood damage

A

an important and productive vegetated area near a stream which helps shade and protect a stream from erosion and flood damage

33
Q

Zone One

A

Large Native trees provide shade and bank stabilization

34
Q

Zone Two

A

Native shrubs, this zone provides habitat for wildlife. Absorbs contaminants

35
Q

Zone Three

A

First line of defense against contaminants. Mostly native grasses, slows water runoff

36
Q

Streambed Zone

A

: Fallen limbs, trees, and tree roots, slows water flow, reduces erosion. Woody debris increases habitat and cover aquatic species

37
Q

Benefits of Beaver succession:

A

Increase biodiversity
• Influence fish communities
• Increase bird populations
• Create habitat for species at risk

38
Q

Headwater Stream

A

o Swift, cold, forested, shaded
o Primary productivity (photosynthesis) is low
o Organic input is acquired from surrounding terrestrial area (dead leaves)
o Mostly shredders and collectors
o Predators are small, cod water fish: trout, sculpins, daters

39
Q

Midorder Stream

A

o Stream increases in width and more surface water is exposed to sunlight
o Elevation declines, current slows
o Water temperature increases (more sunlight, less current)
o Increase in primary production by algae and rooted aquatic plants
o Mostly collectors and grazers
o Shift to warmer water predator species (bass, pickerel, sunfish)

40
Q

Highorder Stream

A

o Channel is wide and deep with increased volume
o Current becomes slow and sediments accumulate on the bottom
o Productivity declines
o Mostly collectors
o Fish community shifts to bottom feeders suckers, catfish, shad

Ecology and Environment I (5 decks)

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