week four Flashcards
What is the function of proteins?
provide structural support and act as catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
encode and transmit genetic information
What is the function of carbohydrates?
provide a source of energy and make up the cell wall in bacteria, plants, and algae
What is the function of lipids?
make up cell membranes, store energy, and act as signaling molecules
What are polymers?
complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds
Proteins are polymers of _______
amino acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of _______
nucleotides
Carbohydrates are polymers of _____
simple sugars
What are functional groups?
groups of one or more atoms that have particular chemical properties on their own, regardless of what they are attached to
What is the name of this functional group?
amino
What are the properties of this functional group?
polar
behaves as a base
hydrophilic
+ charged
What is the name of this functional group?
amide
What are the properties of amides?
polar
hydrophilic
What functional group is this?
carboxyl
What is this functional group and what are its properties?
carboxyl
polar
- charged
behaves as an acid
hydrophilic
What functional group is this?
carbonyl
What are carbon based molecules (C-C) called?
organic compounds
Why is carbon so widely used?
- can bond to 4 other atoms
- branch in up to 4 directions
- each bond can rotate freely
What is the name of molecules only made up of carbon and hydrogen?
hydrocarbons
Polymers are long chains of smaller molecular units called _____
monomers
The building bocks of polymers are called _____
monomers
Macromolecules are also called _____
polymers
Macromolecules are made by a process called _____
dehydration synthesis or condensation
Macromolecules are broken down by a
process called _____
hydrolysis
Which reaction requires enzymes hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
BOTH!
Which reaction adds water to break a bond?
hydrolysis
How many parts makes up a nucleotide and what are they?
3 parts
phosphate
sugar
nitrogenous base
Nucleotides are linked into a polymer via ____
dehydration synthesis
What are the main differences of RNA and DNA?
What is different about the sugars in DNA and RNA?
What is the sugar in RNA?
ribose
What is the sugar in DNA?
deoxyribose
What are the bases in RNA?
A G C U
What are the bases in DNA?
A G C T
What are the purine bases?
adenine and guanine
What are the pyrimidine bases?
thymine
cytosine
uracil
How many bonds hold guanine and cytosine together?
3 hydrogen bonds
How many bonds hold adenine and thymine together?
2 hydrogen bonds
You’ve noticed that when your cat is napping she often curls up and puts her tail over her nose. This morning it was quite warm and you notice she does not have her tail over her nose. You think perhaps she puts her tail on her nose when it’s relatively cold in your apartment, to keep her nose warm. Scientifically, your explanation is a good example of a(n)
hypothesis
Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that a eukaryotic cell has….
a membrane-bound nucleus
Carbon (C) is above Silicon (Si) in the same column of the periodic table. This means they both have…
similar bonding properties as they have same number of valence electrons
When depicting a chemical structure, a solid line between elements denotes a
covalent bond
A pair of atoms joined by a polar covalent bond has a _____ charge on one atom and a _______ charge on the other.
has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.
What biomolecule… Can form a hydrophobic/water repelling barrier
lipids
What biomolecule… is the Primary information storing biomolecule
nucleic acids
What biomolecule… is the Most abundant organic biomolecule in an organism
protein
What biomolecule… is the Solvent in which nearly all life’s chemical reactions occur
water
Can water dissolve polar solutes and why?
hydrogen bonding allows water to dissolve polar solutes
A solution of pH 2, has ______ [H+] than a solution of pH 5?
1000x more
Which number represents the pH of a solution with the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?
pH 1
Electronegativity of O is 3.4, C is 2.5, and H is 2.1
Electronegativity difference scale: 0 to 0.5 Non polar covalent; 0.5-1.7 Polar covalent; >1.7 Ionic
If this molecule was dissolved in water, which of these atoms could form hydrogen bonds?
D + E
Explain the idea of DNA having polarity
DNA strands have directionality with a 5’- phosphate group on one end and a 3’ hydroxyl group at the other end.
A nucleotide contains…
one or more phosphate groups, a
5 -carbon sugar and a base
Which biomolecule is defined by a physical property instead of a chemical structure
lipids
What is the function of protiens
provide structure and catalyze chemical reactions
What is the function of nucleic acids
encode and transmitt genetic information
What is the function of carbohydrates
provide a energy source and cell structure
What is the function of lipids
make cell membranes, store energy, act as signaling molecules
What unique property of carbon enables this element to be “life’s chemical backbone”?
Carbon’s bonding behavior as it has four valence electrons
An organic molecule must contain which element?
carbon
What are the functions of an enzyme?
lower activation energy and increase the rate of the reaction
