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173 Lec - Module 9 Trans > WEEK 9 - Protozoans: Coccidia, Plasmodium and Blood and Tissue Flagellates > Flashcards

WEEK 9 - Protozoans: Coccidia, Plasmodium and Blood and Tissue Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

It is from an Italian term mal’aria

A

Malaria

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2
Q

Classical malarial attack or paroxysm (in order)

A
  1. Shaking chills (COLD STAGE)
  2. Fever (≥40°C) (HOT STAGE OR FLUSH PHASE)
  3. Generalized diaphoresis (SWEATING STAGE)
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3
Q

Paroxysyms occurs over _________ hours and initiated by synchronous to the rupture of ___________ with the release of ________________

A

6-10 hours
RBCs
Merozoites

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4
Q

Each year its clinical cases amounts _________________ which considered that has a worldwide prevalence

A

300-500 million

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5
Q

Drug of Choice for malaria (pregnancy)

A

Quinine

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6
Q

Vertebrate hosts includes _________, ___________, ____________, ___________

A

Reptiles, Birds, Rodents, and Primates

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7
Q

Drug of choice for severe malaria

A

Artemisinin and its derivatives artesunate and artemether (parenteral)

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8
Q

In the philippines _________ out of __________ provinces are endemic to malaria

A

65 out of 78

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9
Q

Incidence accounts for _________ per 1000 (2000)

A

0.48

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10
Q

Provinces in the Philippines which has high malarial endemicity are:

A

Palawan, Kalinga Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur

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11
Q

MDR falciparum malaria cases are prominent in:

A

Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley, Palawan

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12
Q

____________% of the cases of malaria are caused by P. falciparum and the remaining __________ % is caused by P. vivax

A

> 70%
<30%

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13
Q

True or False: There is a reported case of P. ovale in the Philippines? If true, where?

A

True, 1 reported case in Palawan

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14
Q

It is the principal malaria vector, abound in the foothill areas

A

Anopheles minimus var. Flavirostris

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15
Q

Its transmission is highly observed in coastal areas of Mindanao

A

Anopheles litoralis

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16
Q

True or False: Anopheles maculates and Anopheles flavirostris has transmission in lower altitudes

A

False, both have transmission in higher altitudes

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17
Q

It is a malaria vector thar abounds for forest fringes

A

Anopheles manyans

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18
Q

Give the (2) other types of Malaria

A

Transfusion Malaria
Congenital Malaria

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19
Q

This type of malaria is an accidental Plasmodium infection caused by the transfusion of whole blood or a blood component from a malaria infected donor to a recipient

A

Transfusion malaria

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20
Q

Type of malaria which malarial parasites demonstrated in the peripheral smear of the newborn from twenty-four hours to seven days of life

A

Congenital malaria

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21
Q

What are the two clinical manifestations of malaria?

A

[+] Recrudescence
[+] Relapse

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22
Q

It is when there is a reactivation of hypnozoite forms of the parasite in the liver

A

[+] Relapse

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23
Q

It is the renewal of parasitemia and/or clinical features arising from persistent undetectable asexual parasitemia in the absence of an EE cycle

A

[+] Recrudescence

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24
Q

What are the ways how to diagnose malaria

A

Thick blood films
Thin blood films
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC)
Malaria RDTs
Serologic Tests
PCR

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25
Q

These are the common serologic tests used in the diagnosis of malaria

A

IHA, IFAT, ELISA

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26
Q

True or False: blood specimens are collected just before the next anticipated fever spike or at the outset of a fever or every 6- 8 hours

A

True

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27
Q

It is one of the diagnostic tools of malaria where we check the presence of the parasites

A

Thick blood films

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28
Q

It is where we observe the appearance of infected RBCs, the appearance of parasites, and their stages

A

Thin blood films

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29
Q

Appearance of Erythrocyte Size of
P. falciparum and P. malariae

A

Normal size

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30
Q

Appearance of Erythrocyte Size of P. vivax and P. ovale

A

Enlarged size

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31
Q

Does P. falciparum have
Schuffner’s dots or Maurer’s dots?

A

Maurer’s dots

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32
Q

Does P. vivax have
Schuffner’s dots or Maurer’s dots?

A

Schuffner’s dots, with all stages EXCEPT early ring forms.

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33
Q

Does P. ovale have
Schuffner’s dots or Maurer’s dots?

A

Schuffner’s dots, with all stages EXCEPT early ring forms.

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34
Q

Does P. malariae have
Schuffner’s dots or Maurer’s dots?

A

Ziemann’s dots but rarely seen

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35
Q

What Plasmodium species have Young rings that are small, delicate, often with double chromatin dots. Gametocytes are crescent or elongate?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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36
Q

What Plasmodium species have Irregular. Ameboid in trophozoites. Has “spread-out” appearance?

A

Plasmodium vivax

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37
Q

What Plasmodium species have Rounded, compact trophozoites. Occasionally slightly ameboid. Growing trophozoites have large chromatin mass?

A

Plasmodium ovale

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38
Q

What Plasmodium species have Rounded, compact trophozoites with dense cytoplasm. Band-form trophozoites occasionally seen?

A

Plasmodium malariae

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39
Q

What Plasmodium species have Black, coarse and conspicuous pigment in gametocytes?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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40
Q

What Plasmodium species have Golden brown, inconspicuous pigment?

A

Plasmodium vivax

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41
Q

What Plasmodium species have Dark brown, conspicuous pigment?

A

Plasmodium ovale

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42
Q

What Plasmodium species have Dark brown, coarse, conspicuous pigment?

A

Plasmodium malariae

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43
Q

What Plasmodium species have a Number of
6-32; average is 20-24
Merozoites

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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44
Q

What Plasmodium species have a Number of
12-24; average is 16
Merozoites

A

Plasmodium vivax

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45
Q

What Plasmodium species have a Number of
6-14; average is 8
Merozoites

A

Plasmodium ovale

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46
Q

What Plasmodium species have a Number of
6-12; average is 8;
with ‘rosette’ schizonts occasionally seen in Merozoites

A

Plasmodium malariae

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47
Q

What Plasmodium species have Rings and/or gametocytes. Other stages develop in blood vessels of internal organs but are not seen in peripheral blood except in severe infections?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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48
Q

What Plasmodium species can be found in ALL stages in circulating blood and may be seen on any given film?

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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49
Q

What Plasmodium species can be found in All stages. Wide variety of stages usually not seen. Relatively few rings or gametocytes generally present?

A

Plasmodium malariae

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50
Q

Enumerate ALL Plasmodium species.

A

P. falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

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51
Q

Has Malaria-like infections

Transmitted by ticks and is found in a variety of animal species that serve as reservoirs

A

BABESIA SP.

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52
Q

BABESIA SP. is Transmitted by _____

A

ticks

53
Q

Spectrum varies from latent, subclinical to fulmminant hemolytic disease

fatalities are reported in immunocompromised and splenectomized patients

A

BABESIA SP.

54
Q

Which of the Plasmodium spp. is the most dangerous?

A

P. falciparum

55
Q

Plasmodium species that can progress to cerebral malaria involving the central nervous system, acute renal failure, severe anemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and/or other severe manifestations

A

P. falciparum

56
Q

Which of the Plasmodium spp. can produce relapse of infection?

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

57
Q

Relapse of infection may occur during the dormant stage of hypnozoites, which is well-documented in _____ and clinical cases are also reported in ______

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

58
Q

These species can persist in the liver, if left untreated, and re-invade the bloodstream weeks or years later

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

59
Q

Are Red blood cells infected with P. falciparum are normal or enlarged?

A

normal

60
Q

The P. ______ rings may have the classic headphone appearance constituted by a delicate cytoplasm and one or two small chromatin dots.

A

P. falciparum

61
Q

the gametocytes have a unique crescent or sausage-shaped appearance, in which the chromatin may be a single mass (macrogamete) or diffuse (microgamete)

A

P. falciparum

62
Q

The diagnostic stage of Isospora belli is the ________, which can be detected in stool samples using microscopy.

The infective stage is the _______, which can contaminate food or water and infect a new host upon ingestion.

A

oocyst, oocyst

63
Q

The diagnostic stage of Cryptosporidium parvum is the _____.

The infective stage is the _____, which can survive in the environment and cause infection when ingested by a new host.

A

oocyst, oocyst

64
Q

The diagnostic stage of Pneumocystis jirovecii is the ________, which can be detected in respiratory specimens using special staining techniques or PCR.

The infective stage is the ________, which can be transmitted from host to host through airborne transmission.

A

cyst, cyst

65
Q

The diagnostic stage of Toxoplasma gondii is the ________, which can be detected in feces of infected cats or in tissue samples of infected animals using microscopy or PCR.

The infective stage for intermediate hosts (including humans) is the tissue ______ containing bradyzoites, which can be ingested through contaminated food or water.

A

oocyst, cyst

66
Q

What characteristics help to differentiate one Plasmodium species from other species?

A

-Size of infected RBCs,
-Pigmentation,
-Inclusions, and
-Comparison of the different stages found in blood

67
Q

________ smears are used primarily for the detection of Plasmodium parasites due to their higher sensitivity.

They involve concentrating blood onto a small area of the slide, increasing the chance of detecting low-level parasitemia. This smears are particularly useful for screening and initial diagnosis of malaria.

A

Thick smears, larger volume

68
Q

_____ smears are used for species identification and morphological characterization of Plasmodium parasites.

They involve spreading blood across the slide, creating a monolayer of RBCs for examination under a microscope.

A

Thin smears

69
Q

Which Plasmodium species is more malignant than others primarily because it can lead to severe complications, such as cerebral malaria, which is associated with high mortality rates?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

70
Q

What are the methods used to estimate the parasitemic load of malaria parasites?

A

-Microscopic Examination
- Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs)
-Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
-Malaria Antigen Detection Assays
-Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
-Automated Hematology Analyzers

71
Q

Enumerate the vectors involved for the transmission of Leishmania donovani:

A

Sandfly (female Phlebotomus argentipes)

72
Q

Enumerate the vectors involved for the transmission of Leishmania tropica minor and major

A

Minor: Sandfly (female Phlebotomus sergenti)

Major: Sandfly (female Phlebotomus papatasi)

73
Q

Enumerate the vectors involved for the transmission of Trypanosoma gambiense

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis)

74
Q

are small, non-flagellated forms found within the cells of the vertebrate host. They are typically found during the intracellular phase of the parasite’s life cycle.

A

Amastigote

75
Q

are elongated, flagellated forms found primarily in the insect vector. They are adapted for survival and multiplication in the vector’s gut.

A

Promastigotes

76
Q

are also flagellated forms found in the insect vector, particularly in the midgut and hindgut regions. They are an intermediate stage between promastigotes and infective forms.

A

Epimastigotes

77
Q

are elongated, flagellated forms found in the vertebrate host’s blood and tissues. They are often the infective stage for the vertebrate host and can be transmitted between hosts by insect vectors.

A

Trypomastigotes

78
Q

How can you differentiate between species of African sleeping sickness since both species have similar diagnostic morphology?

A

through molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting species-specific genetic markers

79
Q

Outline the general prevention and control of vector-transmitted diseases.

A

-Vector control measures,
-community education
-vaccination.

80
Q

Explain the laboratory diagnosis of Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

-Stool Examination
-Microscopy
-Concentration Techniques
-PCR
-Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)

81
Q

Discuss the sexual and asexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii.

A

Toxoplasma gondii undergoes asexual reproduction (schizogony) in the intermediate host, where tachyzoites rapidly multiply and disseminate, while sexual reproduction (gametogony) occurs in the definitive host (cats), leading to the formation of oocysts shed in feces.

82
Q

What factors give natural protection against Plasmodium infection?

A

Mosquito Avoidance and Control

Prior Exposure/Acquired Immunity

Use of Antimalarial drugs before traveling to an endemic location.

Socioeconomic factors such as better access to healthcare services and education.

Climate and environmental factors affect the breeding and distribution of vectors; it has both a negative and positive impact.

83
Q

What is the effect of climate change on the spread of malaria?

A

As the climate warms it gives the mosquito a longer period to live and breed, as well as potentially expanding its habitat.

84
Q

How do globalization and world trade contribute to the spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria?

A

by facilitating the movement of people and goods across borders.

Increased travel and urbanization create environments conducive to mosquito breeding, while the transportation of goods can inadvertently introduce malaria vectors or parasites to new regions.

Climate change, exacerbated by globalization, further amplifies the risk by expanding the geographic range of mosquito vectors.

Limited access to healthcare and vector control measures in some regions exacerbates the challenge of controlling the spread of malaria in the context of globalization

85
Q

Enumerate the three abnormal hemoglobin molecules

A

HbS, thalassemia, HBF

86
Q

The human body has innate and resistance immunity, what are they?

A

Abnormal hemoglobin molecules
G6PD deficiency
Duffy negative genotype FyFy

87
Q

Innate resistance and immunity which usually manifest in Black Africans

A

Duffy negative genotype FyFy

88
Q

Receptor site on the RBC for P. vivax malaria is associate with what tyoe of antigen?

A

Duffy blood-group antigen

89
Q

Immunity is both __________ and ________ specific which it requires repeated infections

A

Species and Strain specific

90
Q

In terms of the pathogenesis of the Falciparum malaria, enumerate the steps involved

A
  1. Reduced deformability of erythrocytes
  2. Formation of knobs
  3. Soluble antigens of P. falciparum
91
Q

It is due to the rigidity of the parasite, cytoskeletal changes and an increase in membrane stiffness and cytoplasmic viscosity

A

Reduce deformability of erythrocytes

92
Q

Formation knobs contains ______, __________, riffins, __________ that are cytoadhesion

A

rosettins
PfEMP-1

93
Q

It refers to the adherence of the infected erythrocytes containing late developmental stages of the parasite to the endothelium of capillaries and venules

A

T

94
Q

These are the late developmental stages of the parasite

A

Trophozoites and schizonts

95
Q

Soluble antigens of P. falciparum are potent inducers of ____________ which includes TNF, cachexin - fever

A

cytokines

96
Q

sluggish flow of blood because ____________ blocks the flow

A

infected cells

97
Q

Clinical syndromes associated with Falciparum malaria

A
  1. Prodromal period
  2. Malarial paroxysm
  3. Anemia
  4. Hepato-splenomegaly
  5. Complications of acute malaria (e.g. black water fever, cerebral malaria, renal impairment, pulmonary edema, hypoglycemias with lactic acidosis)
  6. Complications of chronic malaria
  7. Malaria in high risk groups
  8. Congenital malaria
  9. Transfusion malaria
98
Q

What are the other complications of acute malaria

A

Gram-negative septicemia
Aspiration pneumonia
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Diarrhea
Secondary bacterial infections

99
Q

All are complications of chronic malaria, except

A

Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS)
High-grade fever
Falciparum recrudescence
Latent malaria

100
Q

High-risk groups for malaria

A

Pregnant women and children

101
Q

What are the symptoms of severe Falciparum malaria

A
  1. Prostration
  2. Unarousable coma
  3. Generalized convulsions
  4. Severe normocytic anemia
  5. Hypoglycemia
  6. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory distress
  7. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances
  8. Acute renal failure
  9. Acute pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  10. Circulatory collapse, shock, septicemia
  11. Abnormal bleeding
  12. Jaundice
  13. Hemoglubinuria
  14. High fever
  15. Hyperparasitemia
102
Q

It is also known as Algid malaria

A

Circulatory collapse, shock, septicemia

103
Q

Unarousable coma is also known as_________________, if determined to be caused by the parasite

A

Cerebral malaria

104
Q

A type of malaria that is known as Malignant Tertian

A

P. falciparum

105
Q

It is the first probable symptom of severe Falciparum malaria which includes confusion or drowsiness with extreme weakness

A

Prostration

106
Q

P. vivax and P. ovale are also known as _______________________

A
107
Q

Quartan Malaria is scientifically known as _____________________

A

P. malariae

108
Q

The prepatent period of P. falciparum is ________ to _______ days while its incubation period is ______ to _______.

A

11-14 days
8 - 15 days

109
Q

The prepatent period of P. vivax is ________ to _______ days while its incubation period is ______ to _______.

A

11- 15 days
12 -20 days

110
Q

The prepatent period of P. ovale is ________ to _______ days while its incubation period is ______ to _______.

A

14-26 days
11-16 days

111
Q

The prepatent period of P. malariae is ________ to _______ days while its incubation period is ______ to _______.

A

3-4 weeks
18-40 days

112
Q

How many hours is the erythrocytic cycle of P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale?

A

48 hours

113
Q

TRUE or FALSE: For P. malariae, it has a 65 hours of erythrocytic cycle

A

False, 72 hours

114
Q

These parasites infect young RBCs

A

P. ovale and P. vivax

115
Q

TRUE or FALSE: All stages of RBCs are infected by the P. falciparum

A

True

116
Q

The age of infected RBCs for P. malariae is_______________

A

Aging RBCs

117
Q

Parasites that have a round to oval gametocyte shape

A

P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malaria

118
Q

P. falciparum has a gametocyte shape of:

A

Crescent or banana shape

119
Q

What is the treatment for uncomplicated P. falciparum

A

Chloroquine resistant/MDR

120
Q

Treatment for falciparum malaria

A

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination and/or Quinine

121
Q

This is the drug of choice for P. vivax and P. ovale, and P. malaria

A

Chloroquine

122
Q

What is administered if P vivax and ovale manifest especially for relapsing cases of these two parasite0causing malaria

A

Primaquine

123
Q

Give the control and preventive measures for the Plasmodium spp.

A
  1. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for control
  2. Personal protection (netting, screening, protective clothing, and repellents)
  3. Chemoprophylaxis
  4. Prophylactic treatment may be used
  5. Mosquito control or total eradication
  6. Avoidance of sharing intravenous needles
  7. Thorough screening of donor blood
    Potential malaria vaccine
124
Q

Among the 4 mentioned parasites (P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, and P. malaria) which has no persistent EE stages

A

P. falciparum

125
Q

This is the duration of untreated infection per year of P. ovale, and P. vivax

A

1.5-4.0

126
Q

0.5-2.0 is the untreated infection (year) of what parasite? And 1-30 is for

A

P. falciparum
P. malariae

127
Q

Match the following: Parasitemia edition (average):

P. falciparum 20 000
P. vivax 50 000-500 000
P. ovale 9000
P. malariae 6000

A

P. falciparum 50 000-500 000
P. vivax 20 000
P. ovale 9000
P. malariae 6000

128
Q
A

173 Lec - Module 9 Trans (3 decks)

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