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Vet-105 Animal husbandry > Week 9 Poultry > Flashcards

Week 9 Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Breeder flocks

A

flocks of male and female birds that produce fertile eggs for incubation (in hatcheries)

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2
Q

Define Day old (DO) birds

A

birds sold by hatcheries, they are up to 72h (3 days) old (female or male)

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3
Q

Define Poults

A

DO turkeys (female or male)

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4
Q

Pullets

A

female birds between DO and sexual maturity age, they will be the future egg layers

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5
Q

Define Point Of Lay (POL)

A

the sexual maturity which is reached at about 18
wks

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6
Q

Define Layer

A

egg producing female, produces eggs for human consumption (they are kept until 72-76 wks old)

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7
Q

Define Broods

A

newly born/hatched birds

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8
Q

Define Brooding

A

the period immediately after hatching where special care (e.g. heat) must be provided to chicks to ensure their health and survival

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9
Q

Define Broiler

A

bird reared for meat, sent for slaughter between 36-54 days old (very different to layers genetically)

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10
Q

Define rearing farm

A

where pullets (future egg layers) are kept from DO to
16-18 wks (whereas broilers spend short life in a single fattening unit)

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11
Q

Define Laying unit

A

where pullets go at 16-18 wks old and remain until the end of their laying cycle – can be cages, barn or free-range

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12
Q

Cock(erel) =
Hen =
Stag =
Gander =
Drake =
Mallard =

A

= Male chicken
= female chicken or turkey (occ. duck and goose)
=male turkey
=male goose
= male duck
= Wild duck

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13
Q

Describe the development of the poultry industry

A

1900s large cattle = more cultural importance
than chicken → Cultural shift after WWI → government assistance and first free-range units formed + wheat more available and introduction of electricity → automated systems and egg
collection apparatus

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14
Q

Why did the egg and poultry meat industries separate?

A

Introduction of fast-growing chain of chicken = broilers

Research and efforts towards improving the 2 industries separately

The poultry industry is an expanding global industry with worldwide trading and supply chains

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15
Q

When did egg production triple?

A

Between 1970-2005

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16
Q

Since 1960s birds selected for:

A

1) Egg output
2) Good food conversion (to eggs rather than muscle development and increased growth)
3) Hardiness
4) Docility

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17
Q

Chickens are seasonal breeders ….

A

…..stimulated by long day (greater than 12 hours of light)

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18
Q

Describe Natural mating

A

Sperm survive in female and fertilise successively
eggs for several days without further mating
→Hens kept from 24 - 68/70 weeks old and produce > 200 fertile eggs

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19
Q

How long are the eggs incubated in the hatchery?

A

21 days
→ 80% of eggs in incubator survive
→ Can identify gender of DO chicks from the
down colour
→ Male chicks killed, female sent to rearing unit

20
Q

DO female chicks are reared until point of lay which is ?

A

16-18 wks old with target
1.6kg in caged hens
1.65kg for free-range

21
Q

Why are female chicks raised with restricted light?

A

To delay sexual maturity à improve egg size
→ also reduces aggression, feather pecking and pulling

22
Q

When are female chicks introduced to the layer unit?

A

At 16-18 wks to settle before laying first egg 2 weeks late
→ Kept at production site until appx 72-76 wks old then slaughtered

23
Q

When are broilers slaughtered?

A

Between 36-54 days old at a weight between 1.7-
3.5 kg

24
Q

What is broiler productivity measured in?

A

1) Food conversion ratio (FCR, kg feed/kg live-weight gain)
2) Food conversion efficiency (FCE, kg live-weight gain/kg feed) or (EBI and EPEF)
3) Modern intensive units usually have a target FCR < 1.8

25
Q

Factors of productivity increase in the broiler industry

A

Increasing stocking density in sheds
Fed grain (cheap)
Genetic selection for
* Faster growth rate
* Improved FCE
* Higher breast yield as a percentage of the whole bird

26
Q

Broilers house inside unit size?

A

up to 40,000 broilers in a house

27
Q

Most highly mechanised industry and therefore requires

A

high level of financial capital - labour requirements are low

28
Q

Poultry performance affected by what factors?

A

Genetics (e.g. egg production/layer, broiler FCR, broiler weight)
Nutrition
Age
Sex

Housing factors:
Water Quality and Availability*
Environmental pollution*
Temperature*
Stocking Density*
Disease*
Stockmanship (Management)

29
Q

What is the stocking density in most intensive systems?

A

Most intensive systems reach
45kg/m2

30
Q

EU and UK Codes of Welfare
recommend what stocking rates?

A

Should not exceed 42 kg/m2

31
Q

What is the max stocking density in hot countries?

A

Ideally around 30 kg/m2
→ High temp & humidity within the house when outside temperatures are high lead to deaths through heat stress

32
Q

Describe thinning

A

Initial high stocking density and later removing part of the flock as they grow → more efficient use of floor area
→ Carried out several times during one flock cycle
→ Causes stress + many flocks positive to Campylobacter after thinning

33
Q

Why is temperature control important?

A

Birds do not sweat, they pant (lose heat by evaporation → keep the environmental temperature within a thermoneutral zone

34
Q

Thermoneutral zone

A
  • If out of TMZ poultry waste energy = shivering when cold or panting when hot
  • Feed use by birds minimal within TMZ
  • TMZ: food intake and body weight decreases and FCR increases (less efficient use of feed)

Breed differences, feather cover, stocking density etc will affect temperature regulation

35
Q

How is humidity and air quality controlled?

A
  • Heat stress increases with high humidity
    • Humidifiers used to reduce dust and respiratory distress
  • Good insulation reduces condensation
36
Q

Why is humidity and air quality control important?

A
  • Poultry houses have v. high levels of inhalable dust
    +/- high levels of endotoxins and microbes
  • 21 ppm of ammonia in the air is common in poultry houses which affects human and bird health

so If ventilation is inadequate - poultry performance (growth and health) is reduced

37
Q

What is min ventilation?

A

Min ventilation = fresh air for oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, moisture and aerial pollutants

38
Q

How is min ventilation calculated? MSTD

A

2m3 air per second per tonne of feed
consumed daily (MSTD)

39
Q

What is max ventilation capacity?

A

Maximum ventilation capacity must remove all excess heat in hot weather at max stocking capacity

40
Q

Light intensity, duration, spectral
composition (UV) and photoperiod affect what?

A

Poultry development
Performance
Reproduction
Egg production
Behaviour

41
Q

Which housing control has the most direct effect on egg production?

A

Lighting - influence egg production and efficiency

42
Q

Eg of lighting strategy that is not permitted in the UK as affect the diurnal rhythm of birds

A

ahemeral

43
Q

Why are lighting programmes used for broilers?

A
  • Encourage young chicks to feed
  • Prevent unwanted behaviours e.g. feather pecking and cannibalism
44
Q

What are the concerns from welfare groups on lighting manipulation?

A

Birds should have at least 8 hours of continuous darkness to allow them to rest

45
Q

What are the biosecurity measures for poultry housing? (5)

A
  • Restrict access
  • Sterilise feed, water and litter & filter air
  • Shower and change before entry (boot dipping, hand washing and sterilisation)
  • All-in all-out production system = flock go through stages of production as a group + full clean up/sterelization between groups
  • Clean, disinfect, (fumigate) and rest the area before introducing next
    birds
46
Q

Lecture 2 page 1

A

Vet-105 Animal husbandry (4 decks)

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