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Brain PD > week 9 part 1 > Flashcards

week 9 part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of 1+ non-febrile seizure?

A

2-5%

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2
Q

What is Epileptic seizure?

A

Paroxysmal brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal neural discharges affecting conscious level or resulting in a positive motor, sensory or experiential phenomena

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3
Q

What does electrical discharge in the brain cause?

A

A number of immunological response

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4
Q

What is non-epileptic seizure?

A

a paroxysmal event that simulates an epileptic seizure, usually psychogenic

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5
Q

What do patient for psychological reasons have?

A

Epileptic seizures

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6
Q

Define Epilepsy

A

collection of syndromes of underlying susceptibility to epileptic seizures – may exclude provoked

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7
Q

What does several EPSPs summate to trigger?

A

Voltage gated Na channel and an action potential through the axon

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8
Q

What does K channels cause?

A

Repolarisation and refractory hyperpolarisation as K+ leaks out of the neuron

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9
Q

What is Paroxysmal Depolarizing Shift

A

hallmark of cellular manifestation of epilepsy

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10
Q

What are seizures?

A

Neurons are synchronously active

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11
Q

What is phase 1 of PDS?

A

EPSP initiated by AMPA glutamate and sustained by NMDA glutamate

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12
Q

What is phase 2 of PDS?

A

Series of NA spikes and Ca conductance without repolarisation

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13
Q

What is phase 3 of PDS?

A

Delayed wave of K and CL hyperpolarisation

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14
Q

Define Epilepsy

A

disorder of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures unprovoked by an acute systemic or neurologic insult

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15
Q

What is the first step of PDS?

A

Ca mediated depolarisation causes voltage gated Na to open, resulting in action potentials

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16
Q

What is depolarisation folllowed by?

A

A period of hyper-polarisation mediated by Ca-dependent K channel or GABA-activated Cl influx

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17
Q

Where is the initiation of PDS without blocking any channel more prevalent?

A
  1. Mammalian neurons
  2. Thalamocortical neuron
  3. CA3 pyramidal neuron
  4. Some hypothalamic neurons
18
Q

What may the significance of PDS increase?

A
  1. signal to noise ration

play a vital role in information processing , synaptic plasticity

19
Q

How can PDS be generated?

A

Electrical or chemical stimulation to single neurons

20
Q

What does Ca dependent PDS require?

A

Entry of Ca

21
Q

What is Na PDS presumed to be?

A

Non-synaptic

22
Q

What does Ca ions activate?

A

Calcium dependent potassium channel and PDS will terminate

23
Q

What does PDS summate to contribute to?

A

EEG spike

24
Q

Where were may generalised seizures syncrhonization occur?

A

Cortex and thalamus in animal models

25
Q

Where does PDS arise from?

A

layer 5-6 neurons of the somatosensory cortex

26
Q

How does PDS spread to other cortical areas?

A

Glutamatergic thalamocortical relays

27
Q

What does GABAergic thalamic reticular interneurons connect?

A

relay neurons together to syncrhonise

28
Q

What does metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory transmission through this relay

29
Q

Excessive synchronization of normal medial thalamic

5Hz range oscillations

A

mediated by excitatory

thalamic reticular cells

30
Q

What does Oscillations act as?

A

“carrier-wave” for PDS

31
Q

Where can synchronization arise?

A

Within cortex

32
Q

What can lead to abnormal connections of lack of the negative feedback circuits?

A

Abnormalities in the gene that encode in cell motility and neuronal migration

33
Q

What does Elongator protein complex 4 (ELP4) regulates ?

A

transcription of genes involved in cell motility and neuronal migration

34
Q

What can mutation in non coding region oF ELP4 lead to?

A

focal cortical dysplasia -Could lead to abnormally-connected positive feedback circuits

35
Q

What is present in the hippocampus?

A

rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy

36
Q

What does hippocampus relate to?

A

Temporal lobe

37
Q

Where os there abnormal connectivity between?

A

excitatory pathways that could stimulate seizures and inhibitory pathways that would suppress them

38
Q

What does seizures result in?

A

death of inhibitory GABAergic interneurones throughout hippocampus

39
Q

What are the seizures divided into?

A
  1. Focal
  2. Generalised
  3. Unknown seizures
40
Q

Why is epilepsy syndrome useful?

A

it helps determine the underlying causes as well as what anti-seizure medication should be tried

41
Q

Operational Classification of Seizure Types (2017)

A

The purpose of such a revision is to recognize that some seizure types can have either a focal or generalized onset, to allow classification when the onset is unobserved, to include some missing seizure types, and to adopt more transparent names

Brain PD (15 decks)

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