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week 9 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of 1+ non-febrile seizure?

A

2-5%

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2
Q

What is Epileptic seizure?

A

Paroxysmal brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal neural discharges affecting conscious level or resulting in a positive motor, sensory or experiential phenomena

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3
Q

What does electrical discharge in the brain cause?

A

A number of immunological response

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4
Q

What is non-epileptic seizure?

A

a paroxysmal event that simulates an epileptic seizure, usually psychogenic

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5
Q

What do patient for psychological reasons have?

A

Epileptic seizures

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6
Q

Define Epilepsy

A

collection of syndromes of underlying susceptibility to epileptic seizures – may exclude provoked

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7
Q

What does several EPSPs summate to trigger?

A

Voltage gated Na channel and an action potential through the axon

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8
Q

What does K channels cause?

A

Repolarisation and refractory hyperpolarisation as K+ leaks out of the neuron

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9
Q

What is Paroxysmal Depolarizing Shift

A

hallmark of cellular manifestation of epilepsy

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10
Q

What are seizures?

A

Neurons are synchronously active

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11
Q

What is phase 1 of PDS?

A

EPSP initiated by AMPA glutamate and sustained by NMDA glutamate

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12
Q

What is phase 2 of PDS?

A

Series of NA spikes and Ca conductance without repolarisation

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13
Q

What is phase 3 of PDS?

A

Delayed wave of K and CL hyperpolarisation

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14
Q

Define Epilepsy

A

disorder of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures unprovoked by an acute systemic or neurologic insult

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15
Q

What is the first step of PDS?

A

Ca mediated depolarisation causes voltage gated Na to open, resulting in action potentials

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16
Q

What is depolarisation folllowed by?

A

A period of hyper-polarisation mediated by Ca-dependent K channel or GABA-activated Cl influx

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17
Q

Where is the initiation of PDS without blocking any channel more prevalent?

A
  1. Mammalian neurons
  2. Thalamocortical neuron
  3. CA3 pyramidal neuron
  4. Some hypothalamic neurons
18
Q

What may the significance of PDS increase?

A
  1. signal to noise ration

play a vital role in information processing , synaptic plasticity

19
Q

How can PDS be generated?

A

Electrical or chemical stimulation to single neurons

20
Q

What does Ca dependent PDS require?

A

Entry of Ca

21
Q

What is Na PDS presumed to be?

A

Non-synaptic

22
Q

What does Ca ions activate?

A

Calcium dependent potassium channel and PDS will terminate

23
Q

What does PDS summate to contribute to?

24
Q

Where were may generalised seizures syncrhonization occur?

A

Cortex and thalamus in animal models

25
Where does PDS arise from?
layer 5-6 neurons of the somatosensory cortex
26
How does PDS spread to other cortical areas?
Glutamatergic thalamocortical relays
27
What does GABAergic thalamic reticular interneurons connect?
relay neurons together to syncrhonise
28
What does metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate?
Excitatory and inhibitory transmission through this relay
29
Excessive synchronization of normal medial thalamic | 5Hz range oscillations
mediated by excitatory | thalamic reticular cells
30
What does Oscillations act as?
“carrier-wave” for PDS
31
Where can synchronization arise?
Within cortex
32
What can lead to abnormal connections of lack of the negative feedback circuits?
Abnormalities in the gene that encode in cell motility and neuronal migration
33
What does Elongator protein complex 4 (ELP4) regulates ?
transcription of genes involved in cell motility and neuronal migration
34
What can mutation in non coding region oF ELP4 lead to?
focal cortical dysplasia -Could lead to abnormally-connected positive feedback circuits
35
What is present in the hippocampus?
rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy
36
What does hippocampus relate to?
Temporal lobe
37
Where os there abnormal connectivity between?
excitatory pathways that could stimulate seizures and inhibitory pathways that would suppress them
38
What does seizures result in?
death of inhibitory GABAergic interneurones throughout hippocampus
39
What are the seizures divided into?
1. Focal 2. Generalised 3. Unknown seizures
40
Why is epilepsy syndrome useful?
it helps determine the underlying causes as well as what anti-seizure medication should be tried
41
Operational Classification of Seizure Types (2017)
The purpose of such a revision is to recognize that some seizure types can have either a focal or generalized onset, to allow classification when the onset is unobserved, to include some missing seizure types, and to adopt more transparent names

Brain PD (15 decks)

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