Week 9- NCD Flashcards
What is a non-communicable disease (NCD)?
Diseases of long duration and generally slow
progression
• Also referred to as chronic diseases or long-term
health conditions
WHO: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic
diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination
of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.
what are the five main types of non-communicable disease?
• Five main types:
• cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke)
• cancer
• chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed
pulmonary disease and asthma) and
• diabetes
• mental health conditions
NCDs globally
The leading cause of death in the world, representing
71% of all annual deaths
• Kill more than 41 million people each year
• Some 80% of all NCD deaths occur in low- and middleincome countries
Around the world, NCDs affect women and men
almost equally
• Largely preventable
• Not only a health problem but a development
challenge as well
10 chronic conditions focussed on in Australia
Arthritis • Asthma • Back pain (and problems) • Cancer • Cardiovascular diseases • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • Diabetes • Chronic kidney disease • Mental and behavioural conditions (A&D, dementia, mood) • Osteoporosis
Risk factors of NCD
• Tobacco
• Physical inactivity
• Poor diet (leading to obesity and related biomedical conditions)
• Air pollution
• Alcohol
• More prevalent in low SES areas, in regional and
remote areas
List some NCD
- Cancer
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Cerebrovascular disease
- Diabetes
- Chronic respiratory disease
- Injuries
- Mental health conditions
- Genetic disorders
RISK FACTORS
Behavioural determinants:
diet, physical activity,
smoking and alcohol. WHO 2014 www.who.int/beat-ncds
• Social determinants shape the distribution of the behavioural risk
factors. eg. socioeconomic status, employment, social exclusion
• Environmental determinants: pollution, access to parks and
recreation, injury prevention, etc
List the potential risk factors for each health problem:
• Catching a cold
- Breaking your hip
- Heart disease
- Catching a cold
- Being around others with colds
- Impaired immune system
- Breaking your hip
- Fragile bones
- Slippery steps
- Age
- Heart disease
- High cholesterol, blood pressure
- Smoking, stress;
- Genetics
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
A determinant of health is a factor or characteristic that brings
about change in health, either for the better of the worse.
• Biological eg. Age, sex, genetics
• Behavioural (lifestyle factors) eg. Healthy eating, physical
activity, tobacco smoking
• Social (inc. environmental, cultural, economic) eg.
socioeconomic status, employment, education, healthy environment
Bob is a 59yo male, with a family history of heart disease. He lives in an
area with few parks or green spaces and a significant amount of ambient air
pollution. Bob is a smoker, who has tried to quit without success. He works a
stressful office job with a long commute to work. As a result, he rarely has
time to cook nutritious meals. Though Bob would like to join a gym or fitness
center, his job pays minimum wage and he is unable to afford the fees.
§ Which determinants of health could be modified to
reduce Bob’s risk of cardiovascular disease?
– Biological determinants?
59yo male, and family history
Bob is a 59yo male, with a family history of heart disease. He lives in an
area with few parks or green spaces and a significant amount of ambient air
pollution. Bob is a smoker, who has tried to quit without success. He works a
stressful office job with a long commute to work. As a result, he rarely has
time to cook nutritious meals. Though Bob would like to join a gym or fitness
center, his job pays minimum wage and he is unable to afford the fees.
§ Which determinants of health could be modified to
reduce Bob’s risk of cardiovascular disease?
– Behavioural determinants?
smoker
cook nutritious meals.
join a gym or fitness
center,
Bob is a 59yo male, with a family history of heart disease. He lives in an
area with few parks or green spaces and a significant amount of ambient air
pollution. Bob is a smoker, who has tried to quit without success. He works a
stressful office job with a long commute to work. As a result, he rarely has
time to cook nutritious meals. Though Bob would like to join a gym or fitness
center, his job pays minimum wage and he is unable to afford the fees.
§ Which determinants of health could be modified to
reduce Bob’s risk of cardiovascular disease?
– Social and environmental determinants?
few parks or green spaces ambient air pollution stressful office job long commute minimum wage
what is health promotion ?
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to
increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individualm behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions
History of Health Promotion
1947 WHO definition of health: a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease and infirmity
1978 WHO-UNICEF Alma Ata Declaration, promoted Primary
Health Care based on social equity, intersectoral action, social
investments, participation, reorientation of health services
Social determinants of health
The social determinants of health are the circumstances in
which people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and the
systems put in place to deal with illness. These circumstances
are in turn shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social
policies, and politics.
