Week 9: Modular

Question 1

Define: Functions

Answer 1

block of code that does the same thing, repeating

Question 2

T or F:
A definition without a call never runs

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What are they called, that go inside the parenthesis with defining functions?
Example:
my_nums(1,2):

Answer 3

Arguments

Question 4

Define: Positional argument

Answer 4

An argument that is passed to a function based on the order in which it appears. The position of each argument in the function call corresponds to the position of the parameters in the function definition. Example: side_hoe(2,3)

Question 5

Define: Parameter

Answer 5

A parameter is a variable in the declaration of a function.
It acts as a placeholder for the value that will be passed to the function when it is called.

Question 6

Define: Keyword argument

Answer 6

Not matching arguments to parameters. The functions parameters match all the keys in the function call, not the order4 of arguments.

Question 7

T or F:
Only keyword parameters can have a default value

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Name each section unlisted:
def function_name (parameters):
#statement body
return expression

Answer 8

def = keyword
#statement body = code to execute/function body
expression = expression returned by the function

Question 9

In the following code, what is the value of total if the function call doesn’t pass any arguments?
def add_numbers(first_number = 2, second_number = 4):
total = first_number + second_number

Answer 9

6

Question 10

In the following code, what is the value of total?
def add_numbers(first_number = 2, second_number = 4):
total = first_number + second_number
add_numbers(second_number = 10)

Answer 10

12

Question 11

T or F:
Parameters with defaults must come before parameters without defaults

Answer 11

False
Parameters with defaults must come after parameters without defaults. Example:
this is incorrect - def x(y = 1, z)

Question 12

Call this function. Don’t override the defaults.
def x(y = “Bulgaria”, z = 1.89):

Answer 12

x()

Question 13

Code a call to this function that makes full_name equal “Hugo Jones”. Don’t pass any information to the function that you don’t have to pass.
def assemble_name(last_name = “Jones”, first_name = “John”):
full_name = first_name + “ “ + last_name

Answer 13

(re-assign variable/argument) assemble_name(first_name = “Hugo”)

Question 14

Which is positional?
Give_greeting(“Hello”, first_name=”Al”)

Answer 14

The “Hello” is positional because theres no keyword, no defining variable name

Question 15

T or F:
Positional arguments must come before keyword arguments

Answer 15

True

Question 16

How to find a variable from a dictionary

Answer 16

find_something(customers_list_name, 2_is_customer_id, “last name”)
Function definition would be:
Def find_something(dict, inner_dict, target):
print(dict[inner_dict][target])

Question 17

Call the function calc, providing x, a positional argument, and a keyword argument. The key is y, the value is 0.

Answer 17

calc(x, y = 0)

Question 18

Here is the first line of a function and the code that calls it. Rewrite the calling code so it’s legal.
def calc(first_number, second_number):
calc(second_number = 10, 8

Answer 18

calc(8, second_number = 10)
The positional argument has to line up
with the positional parameter

Question 19

Which is a parameter? Argument?
(x,y)
(2,4)

Answer 19

Parameter
Argument

Question 20

How to show/hide optional keyword arguments? What does the function do with it?

Answer 20

**other_info
Put it in a dictionary

Question 21

T or F:
Regular arguments must come after optional arguments

Answer 21

False
Optional arguments must come after regular arguments. Optional parameters must come after regular parameters

Question 22

How to handle optional positional (or keyword) arguments?

Answer 22

*other_info

Question 23

To pass information back from a function to the code that called it, you use the keyword ______

Answer 23

return

Question 24

The calling code needs to provide a _______ that will receive the value that is returned by the function

Answer 24

variable

Question 25

To pass the result of the math operation back to the calling code, code the last line of the function. def calc(): total = 2 + 2

Answer 25

return total

Question 26

Call the function calc, which will return a value. The variable that will receive the returned value is named result

Answer 26

result = calc()

Question 27

Code a function, named trivial, that does nothing but pass the value 2 back to the calling code

Answer 27

def trivial(): return 2

Question 28

Call a function that receives a value returned by the function. The function call has no arguments

Answer 28

result = hello()

Question 29

Code a function that adds 2 plus 2, assigns the result to a variable, and passes the result back to the calling code. Make up the function name and variable

Answer 29

def calc(): total = 2 + 2 return total

Question 30

Code a function that adds 2 + 2, but condense the code into two lines. Don't assign 2 + 2 to a variable. Pass the result itself back to the calling code. Make up the name of the function

Answer 30

def calc(): return 2 + 2

Question 31

Call a function, but this time, instead of assigning the returned value to a variable, just display the returned value.

Answer 31

print(calc())

Question 32

Code a three-line function that creates a list with three integers. Pass the list back to the calling code

Answer 32

def make_list(): numbers = [12, 24, 36] return numbers

Question 33

Condense: sales_tax = calc_tax(sales+total=101.37, tax+rate=.05) print(sales_tax)

Answer 33

Print(calc_tax(sales+total=101.37, tax+rate=.05))

Question 34

Define: global variable

Answer 34

(global scope) variable defined in the main body of the code and not in a function

Question 35

Define: local variable

Answer 35

(local scope) defined in a function

Question 36

Which takes precedence, global or local variable with the same name and the global keyword is not being used?

Answer 36

local

Question 37

Name the outcome: greeting = "Hello" def say_hello(): #Print a greeting greeting = "Bonjour" print(greeting) say_hello() print(greeting)

Answer 37

Bonjour Hello

Question 38

T or F: When there are a local and global variable with the same name and the global keyword is being used, then the global scope variable takes precedence

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What is the value of y def x(num): a = 2 return num * a y = x(10)

Answer 39

20 because inside the function, a is assigned to 2. The function returns the result of num multiplied by a

Question 40

In the following code, what is the final value of a? def a(): b = 2 return b a = 1 a = a(

Answer 40

2 because of the return statement

Question 41

If a function defines the variable first_name as "George" and code outside the function defines the variable first_name as "Hamid", and the function code says, print(first_name), what name will display?

Answer 41

George

Question 42

If a function defines the variable first_name as "George" and code outside the function defines the variable first_name as "Hamid", and the main code says, print(first_name), what name will display?

Answer 42

Hamid

Question 43

What are the 2 types of functions?

Answer 43

Perform a task Return a value

Question 44

What is modular programming?

Answer 44

breaking a program into smaller pieces. Pay more attention to data flow.

Question 45

2 types of modules are...

Answer 45

Procedures (do not return data[non value returning]) and Functions (ability to return data)

Question 46

What questions should be considered when coding functions?

Answer 46

Input, outputs, and does the module need data, does the data need to return? How do we break this problem into separate pieces? For each piece, what data does the module need in order to perform what it needs to do?

Question 47

Define: a module

Answer 47

unit of code with a distinct purpose

Question 48

Define: procedure

Answer 48

module that does not return a value

Question 49

Define: function

Answer 49

module that returns a value

Question 50

Define: main()

Answer 50

a module, calls other modules. Python does not require mains. (seems to be the calling line of code, I think). If the purpose is defined, like generating random numbers or doing calculations, main will need to be defined.

Question 51

Define: calling

Answer 51

line of code that initiates module that has been defined (makes the module active). Can be done after a module has been defined.

Question 52

Define: defining

Answer 52

process by which we create a module of code. When we define, we give it a name, and specify the data needs. Specifies what data the module returns.

Question 53

Define: arguments

Answer 53

located in the call statement and specify what data is going into a module

Question 54

Define: "by value"

Answer 54

import parameters, a copy of the data sent in. memory allocation is not sent in, only the value. If a change happens to the parameters, it is only reflected in the module. Like a throw away-able ziploc bag for pizza

Question 55

Define: "by reference"

Answer 55

export parameter, memory address is also sent in so the contents can be changed. Value is set in. More efficient than using a global variable. Like a returnable glass container for pizza. Python does not allow this type

Question 56

T or F: Python, like other languages, won't allow you to return multiple or no values

Answer 56

False

Question 57

Define: recursion

Answer 57

(return it to the function?) module of code that calls itself, like a nested loop. Solving a coding problem with modules involves breaking down the problem into smaller problems. When these smaller problems are variations of the larger problem (also know as self-similar), then recursion can be used. When something is returned, it will go to the calculation code, the recursion, that has the function name in it.

Question 58

Define: factorial

Answer 58

factorial of a number is the product of all positive integers up to that number. Example: 5!=5×4×3×2×1=120 Each recursive module has two parts: the recursive case (where the module calls itself with a different parameter) and the base case (where the module stops calling itself and returns a value). The base case is the most important part of a recursive function. Without it, the module will never stop calling itself.

Question 59

Define: Fibonacci sequence

Answer 59

Set numbers - a number in which the current number is the sum of the previous 2 Fibonacci numbers. 0 + 1, 1 +1, 1+ 2, 2+3, etc.

Question 60

How to round a decimal in Python?

Answer 60

your_variable = a number goes here your_variable = round(your_variable, 2) print(your_variable)

Question 61

What will the turtle create? def shape(size): for _ in range(6): turtle.forward(size) turtle.left(60)

Answer 61

Hexagon

Question 62

/t does what?

Answer 62

tabs

Question 63

** tells Python to do what?

Answer 63

exponentiation

Question 64

Define: factorizating

Answer 64

with the shrunk code, ad functions to remove duplications