Week 9 Learning & intelligence Flashcards
What is learning?
Relatively consistent change in behavioral dispositions due to experience.
Classical conditioning
learning to associate an involuntary response with a stimulus
Before conditioning: unconditioned stimulus elicits unconditioned response. Neutral stimulus elicits nothing.
During conditioning: Neutral stimulus just before unconditioned stimulus which elicits unconditioned response.
After conditioning: Conditioned stimulus (which was previously neutral) elicits conditioned response
-Is often non-conscious
-Doesn’t last forever (yet does)
Example
Unconditioned stimulus (US) food———Unconditioned response (UR) saliva
Neutral stimulus—- no response
Conditioned stimulus ( CS) tone—- Conditioned response salivation
Operant conditioning
learning to associate a voluntary behavior with a consequence
reinforcement
to increase behaivor
If we want to increase a behavior, we should reinforce it
Punishment
If we want to decrease a behavior we would engage in punishment
Positive
to add something in terms of addition
negative
to take away something
Positive Reinforcement
add something to increase behaivor
Negative reinforcement
take something away to increase behaivor
Positive punishment
Add something to decrease behaivor
Negative punishment
Take something away to decrease behaivor
Social learning
Social learning theory suggests thatsocial behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
Vicarious conditioning
-We can be conditioned by watching someone else be conditioned. Can take the form of classical conditioning.
-*Vicarious conditioning can also be Operant. We can also learn by watching others be punished or rewarded for example. Or praised- you learn from it.
Common example comes from watching scary movies. See someone in a movie who is afraid of something and learn that fear. And babys with snakes
Imitation
Instructional
Can be instructed via language about associations between stimuli and actions.
Why is social learning important?
Social learning is very important for learning about cultural norms, values, expectations, and prejudices.
Intelligence
A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience.
Fluid intelligence
-The ability to see complex relationships and solve new problems
-can see something new and figure it out, mental ability to figure out new problems
-Fluid decreases with across lifespan
Crystalized Intelligence
The knowledge a person has acquired via past experiences and the ability to access that knowledge
-Vocabulary, etc
But how does one measure/operationalize intelligence?
One common way is
IQ= your test score/average test score
Measures of intelligence were being developed at height of eugenics movement – a set of beliefs and practices aimed to improve the “genetic quality” of human population
