Week 9: Antibiotic drugs

Question 1

gram positive

Answer 1

purple stain,

Question 2

gram negative

Answer 2

red stain more difficult to treat because the drug molecules have a harder time penetrating he more complex cell walls

Question 3

empirical therapy

Answer 3

antibiotic selected best to kill infection

Question 4

prophylactic anitbiotic therapy

Answer 4

is used to prevent an infection

Question 5

subtherapeutic

Answer 5

when signs and symptoms do not improve

Question 6

superinfections

Answer 6

can occur when antibiotics reduce or completely eliminate the normal bacterail flora, which consists of certain fungi that are needed to maintain normal function in organs

Question 7

coloured sputum

Answer 7

is one sign of a bacterial superinfection during a viral resp illness.

Question 8

quinolone and antacids

Answer 8

resulting in decreased absorption of quinolones

Question 9

children and tetracyclines, which affect developing teeth or bones,

Answer 9

fluoroquinolones which affect bone development in childrenand sulfonamides which may displace bilirubin from albumin.

Question 10

penicillins and sulfonamides

Answer 10

are two broad classes of antibiotics to which many people have allergic reactions too

Question 11

the four most common mechanisms of anitbiotic actions

Answer 11

are interferance with bacterial wall synthesis, interference with protein sunthesis, interferance with DNA and RNA. and something else that doesnt sound important

Question 12

bacterial anitbiotics

Answer 12

can kill a wide variety of gram positive and negative bacteria

Question 13

Antibiotic Resistance may occur by

Answer 13

> Production of drug-inactivating enzymes
Changes in receptor structure or drug permeation
Development of new metabolic pathways
Emergence of drug resistant microbes

Question 14

Factors that Facilitate Development of Resistance

Answer 14

> Drug concentrations in tissues are too low
insufficient duration of therapy
prophylactic use

Question 15

General Considerations for Selecting Antimicrobial Therapy

Answer 15

1. Identify the pathogen
2. Choose the right drug
3. Drug spectrum – broad or narrow

Question 16

Nosocomial Infection

Answer 16

A hospital-acquired infection

Question 17

bactericidal

Answer 17

kill bacteria

Question 18

bacteriostatic:

Answer 18

suppress growth of bacteria; effect is reversible if drug is removed (unless host’s defenses have removed the organism)

Question 19

NARROW AND broad spectrum

Answer 19

May be effective against a few bacteria (_narrow spectrum) or effective against many types of bacteria (broad spectrum )

Narrow spectrum drugs limits the potential of a superinfection

Question 20

For most acute infections, the average duration of treatment with an antibiotic is

Answer 20

7-10days.

Question 21

If your client has renal insufficiency, the dose of the antibiotic may need to be _

Answer 21

lowered or the interval between doses may be increased as most antibiotics are excreted by the kidneys and some are nephrotoxic.

Question 22

Antibiotics: Uses

Answer 22

1.Prevention OR
2.Treatment of
gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial infections

Question 23

Antibiotics: Contraindications/Precautions

Answer 23

know drug allergy
preggo/lactation
renel or heptic dysfunction

Question 24

Antibiotics: Interactions

Answer 24

 Antacids—decreased absorption (give 2 hrs before or after antibiotics)
 Oral contraceptives—effectiveness may be decreased
 Alcohol—disulfiram reaction (metronidiazole)

Question 25

Antibiotics: Adverse Effects

Answer 25

 anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
 allergic reaction  anaphylaxis—rash, wheezing, ↓BP, death
 phlebitis at IV sites—most antibiotics are very irritating

Question 26

Superinfections

Answer 26

Normal flora protect the human host by occupying space and consuming nutrients

If normal flora is suppressed by antibiotics, pathogens such as candida and c. difficile will take over!

Question 27

Nephrotoxicity

Answer 27

acute interstitial nephritis—hematuria, (hypersensitivity rx that can occur with many antibiotics)

Question 28

Antibiotics: Nursing Actions

Answer 28

assess for therapeutic response—(i.e.
Lowered fever, lowered WBC, lowered drainage, lowered pain)

Continue antibiotic for full length of treatment
Space doses evenly

Contact prescriber if no improvement occurs within 3 days

Stop *drug and notify physician if rash, itching or SOB occurs

Abdominal cramps or GI distress is common – try eating small meals

If diarrhea occurs, increase fluid intake and contact your physician if symptoms don’t improve in 24hr

Report signs of a superinfection to physician immediately

Use a backup method of birth control for the duration of therapy

Question 29

Must monitor serum drug levels to prevent toxicities

Answer 29

Peak: 4-10 mcg/mL
Trough: 0.5-2 mcg/mL