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systems neuro > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Addiction

A

is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and
use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful
consequences (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016)

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2
Q

what is drug abuse

A

is a pattern of drug use in which the users consume the substance in
amounts or using methods which are directly or indirectly harmful to themselves or
others

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3
Q

what is Drug dependence

A

is an adaptive state that develops after repeated drug use and
which results in withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of drug use

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4
Q

what is Drug tolerance

A

the diminishing effect of a drug which results after repeated
administration at a set dose

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5
Q

what is Psychological dependence

A 
dependence that involves emotional–motivational
withdrawal symptoms (e.g. dysphoria, depression, anhedonia, restlessness)
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6
Q

what is Physical dependence

A 
dependence that involves significant physical–somatic
withdrawal symptoms (e.g. fatigue, nausea, seizures, pain, delirium tremens)
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7
Q

where else can addiction be formed?

A

multiple non-substance-related behaviours (e.g. gambling)

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8
Q

in England 2013 how many admissions to hospital was there for primary diagnosis of a drug-related mental health
and behavioural disorder

A

6,549 admissions to hospital

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9
Q

in England 2013 how many admissions to hospital for the primary or secondary diagnosis of drug-related mental health and behaviour disorders.

A

61,142 admissions

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10
Q

how much % did this increase by from 2011-2012 and how many admissions where there

A

This is a 6 per cent (3,290) increase from 2011-12 when there
were 57,852 such admissions.

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11
Q

how many admissions to hospital with primary diagnosis of poisoning by illicit drugs.

A

12,238 admissions to hospital

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12
Q

how much % did this increase by from 2002-2003 and how many admissions where there

A

This is an increase of 75 per cent (5,227) since 2002-03 when there were 7,011 such admissions

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13
Q

what is the total number of deaths related to drug misuse in England and Wales in 2012

A

1,496 -

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14
Q

what was the majority of drug misuse caused of

A

majority of these were due to accidental poisoning

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15
Q

under Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 what are some Class A drugs

list 8

A 
heroin
methadone
 cocaine
 crack cocaine
ecstasy
LSD
magic mushrooms
methadone…
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16
Q

under Misuse ofDrugs Act 1971 what are some Class B drugs

list 6

A 
amphetamines
 barbiturates
 ketamine
 methylphenidate
codeine
 cannabis…
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17
Q

under Misuse of Drugs Act 197 what are some Class C drugs

list 5

A 
anabolic steroids
benzodiazepines
 gamma hydroxybutyrate
gamma butyrolactone
khat…
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18
Q

what do Class A drugs represent

A

those deemed most dangerous, and so carry the

harshest legal consequences

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19
Q

what do Class C represent

A

those thought to have the least capacity for harm

20
Q

what cellular target do Opiates act on?

A

(agonists at mu opioid receptors)

21
Q

what cellular target do Cocaine act on?

A

(DA, NAd and 5-HT uptake systems)

22
Q

what cellular target do Amphetamine act on?

A

(monoaminergic transmission:uptake systems;

agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1)

23
Q

what cellular target do Ethanol act on?

A

(GABAA and NMDA receptors)

24
Q

what cellular Nicotine target do act on?

A

(nicotinic Ach receptors - agonist)

25
Q

what cellular target do Cannabinoids act on?

A

CB1 receptors – agonists)

26
Q

what cellular target Phencyclidine, ketamine do act on?

A

(NMDA glutamate receptors -antagonists)

27
Q

what cellular target do Hallucinogens act on?

A

(5-HT2A receptors)

28
Q

what cellular target do Barbiturates and benzodiazepines act on?

A

(GABAA receptors)

29
Q

what cellular Solvents target do act on?

A

various: NMDA receptors, nicotinic Ach receptors…)

30
Q

what is the use of benzodiazepine

A

these drugs can be abused but also have therapeutic value as hypnotics and anxiolytics

31
Q

in The GABAA receptor where is benzodiazepine binding site?

A

BDZ

32
Q

what type of allosteric modulators is benzodiazepine at the GABAA receptor complex

A

Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators at this receptor complex (they enhance the effect of GABA)

33
Q

what does Diazepam do?

A

Diazepam potentiates GABA-induced hyperpolarization

34
Q

what are the 3 Endogenous opioid peptide

systems

A

1) Proopiomelanocortin-derived
2) Proenkephalin-derived
3) Prodynorphin-derived

35
Q

what are the 4 Opioid (opiate) receptors

A 
1) Mu (µ1, µ2, µ3)
2 ) Delta ( δ1, δ2)
3) Kappa (κ1, κ2, κ3)
4) Nociceptin/orphanin
receptor
36
Q

what does the The widespread distribution of opioid receptors explain?

A

the broad range of effects induced by opioid agonists such as morphine and heroin

37
Q

what are 3 examples of Opioid drugs

A

1) Morphine
2) Methadone
3) Herion

38
Q

what is the mechanism action of morphine?

A

1) Activation of potassium conductance and decreased calcium conductance
2) Overall: decreased excitability and decreased release of neurotransmitters

39
Q

how does Addiction affect the brain?

A

Addiction affects the brain in a manner similar to the way in which other conditions affect other organs – note the significant metabolic changes that occur in the addicted brain

40
Q

what are the 3 FACTORS DETERMINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDICTION

A

`1) Environment

2) Drug-induced effects
3) Genes

41
Q

what % of risk of genetics causes addiction

A

50%

42
Q

what can Epigenetic mechanisms do in terms of addiciton

A

Epigenetic mechanisms, which modulate the expression of genes, can also modify the risk

43
Q

what does the The occupancy of dopamine receptors do when stimulant induces pleasure

A

decreases

44
Q

what is the The dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens essential for

A

reward and the development of drug-dependence

45
Q

What are the 3 Stages of Addiction cycle

A

1) Intoxication / Binge–> Positive Reinforcement
2) Negative/withdrawal affect –> Negative Reinforcement
3) Preoccupation/ Anticipation –> Conditioned Positive and Negative Reinforcement

46
Q

what can Drugs of abuse can lead to up-regulation of?

A

opioid peptide dynorphin

47
Q

how and what does Activation of kappa opioid receptors trigger

A

dysphoria, by reducing dopamine release

systems neuro (3 decks)

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