Week 9

Question 1

What is shadowing?

Answer 1

• listen to something and repeat what they’re hearing as fast as they can
• can do it about one syllable behind what they are hearing (250ms behind it)

Question 2

What is gating?

Answer 2

• snippets of words are played, each snippet started at the beginning of the word and went a little longer in length
• increase size of gate by 25ms on and on until you identify the word (jjj-> jjjjjjja-> jjjjjjjjjaaa.. jam)
• identify word
• for one or two syllable words in a sentence, listeners only need about 200ms of it
• words in isolation needed about 300ms

Question 3

What does lexical access include?

Answer 3

-spelling, meaning, contextual information, morphological patterns, phonology, syntactic category

Question 4

Name and explain the first generation models of lexical access.

Answer 4

FOBS (Frequency ordered bin search)

• serial, modular
• 3 bins: orthography, phonology, semantics
• information in each bin is arranged according to frequency
• selecting which bin to look into depends on the input

Logogen

• parallel, modular
• keeps track of how activated each candidate is
• activation starts and after each sound of the word, you get to threshold
• each candidate has their own logogen
• the frequent words have a lower threshold than the less frequent words
• accounts for recency effects (temporarily raises activation so it would take less time to reach threshold for the word)

Question 5

What is a corpus?

Answer 5

it records language that has been used

Question 6

What are some known frequency effects? Explain them

Answer 6

object naming: you are shown an object or a picture of an object and are asked “What is this?”
-you are faster when naming more frequent words

phoneme monitoring: you listen to a spoken passage of speech and your job is to push a button when you hear a target phoneme
-you are faster to push the button for the phoneme that they’re monitoring for when the word before has high frequency

Question 7

Describe a lexical decision task.

Answer 7

• say if the stimulus is a real word or not
• measures response latency (reaction time)
• huge frequency effect

Question 8

Does lexical decision reflect lexical access? Give results of the three tasks and explain the two-stage model for LD.

Answer 8

results:
lexical decision- frequency effects, typicality effects
naming: smaller frequency effects
smaller typicality effects
category verification: no frequency effects!

two-stage model for LD:

• easy cases can be decided without lexical access (ex:itjele vs book)
• hard cases need lexical access to decide (ex:yam vs slite) slite corresponds to a phonological representation that sounds like a real world

Question 9

Lexical Access Models should account for effects of:

Answer 9

frequency, recency, context, typicality

Question 10

What is priming?

Answer 10

faster reaction time suggests association between the prime and the target

Question 11

Name 5 types of priming

Answer 11

• similar phonological properties: candy and candle
• semantic properties: dog and cat
• antonyms: hot and cold
• shared perceptual properties beach ball and orange
• functional/thematic relationships (spoon and cereal)