Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Prejudice

A
  • Academic for racism& discrimination
  • Gordon Allport says - Prejudice is an attitude
  • Tripartite Model - Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural
  • Unprejudiced people know what prejudice is
  • People with negative attitudes do not always discriminate
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2
Q

Tripartite Model of Prejudice

A
  • Cognitive - thoughts about prejudice
  • Affective - the feelings of prejudice
  • Behavioural - actions that are discriminatory
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3
Q

Categorical Responses to People

A
  • Susan Fiske 1995
  • Stereotypes are cognitive component
  • Prejudice is the affective component
  • Discrimination in the behavioural aspect
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4
Q

Social Cognitions

A
  • Where prejudice is sprouted
  • Hot Processes are automatic cognitions
  • Cold Processes are the more calculated thought driven responses
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5
Q

Dehumanisation

A
  • attributing qualities of the group to the individual
  • when minorities are regarded as less than human
  • Not required to treat them with full human rights
  • seems that this consequence is less severe
  • Calling people animal derogatory names
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6
Q

Dehumanisation

A
  • attributing qualities of the group to the individual
  • when minorities are regarded as less than human
  • Not required to treat them with full human rights
  • seems that this consequence is less severe
  • Calling people animal derogatory names
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7
Q

Stereotype
Threat

A
  • Fear of being judged by stereotypes by others
  • Studies that show hampering of academic Acheivement
    *
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8
Q

Objective Disadvantage

A
  • Discrimination reduces reall access of some groups to health, education and other resources
  • Can be internalised - Chronic Apathy and lack of motivation
  • Smith 85 - Women anticipate failure more than men which further decreases motivation
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9
Q

Hidden/Reverse Discrimination

A
  • Reluctance to Help - Bystander Apathy
  • Tokenism - Small positive action to deflect criticism
  • Reverse Discrimination - Deliberate advantage to a minority
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10
Q

Quotas

A
  • Using quotas creates a new normative experience
  • It makes diversity in a work situation seem more normal
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11
Q

What is Culture

A
  • Shared Rules that govern behaviour of groups - Overt & Covert
  • Supports existance & survival
  • Relativley stable but evolves over time - Cultural Shift
  • Enculturation
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12
Q

Enculturation

A
  • The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of a new culture if we transition to a new place
    e.g. immigration, changing workplaces
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13
Q

3 Levels of Culture

A
  1. Distal Culture
  2. Proximate Culture
  3. Ontogenic Culture
    We all belong to multiple cultures
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14
Q

Distal Culture

A
  • The most distant influences in our behaviour
  • Individualism/Collectivism
  • Religion
  • Social Norms and Values

National culture, religion

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15
Q

Proximate Culture

A

Family, Friends, Extended Family, community, church groups

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16
Q

Ontogenic System

A
  • Individual Dispositions
  • Character Traits
  • Interacts with Distal and Proximate Cultures
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17
Q

Evolutionary Culture

A
  • Lehman, Chiu & Schaller 2004
  • Terror Management Theory
  • Creation of Share Reality
  • By-Product of Human Interaction
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18
Q

Terror Management Theory

A
  • Shared fears creates belonging and lowers existential angst
  • we generally feel anxiety but being member of a culture reduces it.

e.g. mortality, why are we here? what is my purpose?

19
Q

Creation of Shared Reality

A
  • Humans need to feel that others feel the same way they do
  • Validation of own experiences
  • Gives us a sense of better control
20
Q

By-Product of Human Interaction

A
  • We are social creatures and create culture thorugh interactions
  • Shared beleifs, behaviours and attitudes
21
Q

What is NOT Culture?

A
  • Nationality
  • Ethnicity
  • Race
22
Q

How is Culture Transmitted

A
  • Enculturation
23
Q

Monochronic Cultures

A
  • Prefer to focus on one thing at a time without distractions or interruptions.
  • Schedules and sticking to them is hugely important
  • Previous commitments matter
  • Once a plan is made, it’s followed through
  • Changes to plans taken very seriously and are inconvenient
  • Time is rigid, divisible and inflexible
  • Future orientet
24
Q

Polychronic Cultures

A
  • Does many things at once
  • Concept of time is free-flowing
  • Changes depending on each situation.
  • Distractions and interruptions are a natural part of life
  • Collectivist
25
Cultural Display Rules
* Set the level of appropriate display of emotion * Depends on the situation
26
Interpersonal Space
* Intimate Space * Social & Consultative Space * Public Space
27
Tight vs Loose Cultures
* The extent to which people are required to adhere to cultural norms * Tight cultures are strict * Loose cultures are relaxed
28
Hofstede's Value Dimensions
* Power Distance * Uncertainty Avoidance * Individualism/Collectivism * Masculintiy/Femininity * Long vs short Term Orientation
29
Power Distance
* How a culture deals with inequality * Low distance less accepting of authority * High Distance more strict heirarchies - e.g. class systems
30
Uncertainty Avoidance
* Degree of tolerance for the unknown * Low levels are more at ease with unpredictable circumstances * High levels focus on general truth and reject opposing ideas
31
Language and Culture
* Culture influences words and how we use them * Influences Identity * Reinforces Cultural Traditions
32
Sapi-Whorf Hypothesis
* Linguistic Relativity * Speakers of different languages think differently due to differences in their languages * Effects thought processing * But: Multilingual?
33
Acculturation
* The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture * Focused on adults moving to new cultures - immigration * Can be positive - effective adjustment to new culture
34
Culture Learning
* Bochner 1986 * Effective adjustment to new culture * Exposure to culture is a learning process * Recognise languages, customs and social norms
35
U Shaped Acculturation
Taft & Oberg 1960 1. Honeymoon 2. Crisis 3. Recovery 4. Adjustment 5. Acceptance Movement through positive to negative then back to positive again Empirical evidence does not support this - Stress theory suggests first stage is the most difficult, where there is greatest change.
36
Culture Shock
* Unpleasant feelings of disorientation and anxiety when moving from one culture to another * Adaption to practices rules and expectations * Multiple phases of adjustment
37
Berry's Model of Acculturation
Deals with change in these factors: 1. physical environment 2. Biological factors 3. Social Relationships 4. Individual adaptation
38
Affective-Behavioural-Cognitive Model
Affect - Stress and Coping Theory Behaviour - Culture Learning Theory Cognitions - Social Identification Theory
39
Succesful Adjustment
Ward & Kennedy 1999 Adjustment is easier if people have: * People have culture specific knowledge * Fluency of the language * More extensive contact with host nationals * Residents rather than sojourners * Home culture more similar to host culture
40
Individual Impacts of Multiculturism
* Individuals can be bicultural * Identity is stronger with home culture * Cultural Time Conservation - Country of origin changes but the bicultural individual stays the same because they are not there.
41
Society Benefits of Diversity
* Increased tolerance and understanding of other * Economic and social strength * Diversity in lifestyles
42
Conflict in Diversity
* Ethnocentrism * Accentuation of Group Differences * Creation of Selective thinking * Assumption of Homogeneity * Xenophobia and Racism
43
Social Engineering
* Psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information e.g. Stolen Generation, Jan 6 Washington