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PSYC3112 - Individual Differences > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Prejudice

A
  • Academic for racism& discrimination
  • Gordon Allport says - Prejudice is an attitude
  • Tripartite Model - Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural
  • Unprejudiced people know what prejudice is
  • People with negative attitudes do not always discriminate
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2
Q

Tripartite Model of Prejudice

A
  • Cognitive - thoughts about prejudice
  • Affective - the feelings of prejudice
  • Behavioural - actions that are discriminatory
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3
Q

Categorical Responses to People

A
  • Susan Fiske 1995
  • Stereotypes are cognitive component
  • Prejudice is the affective component
  • Discrimination in the behavioural aspect
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4
Q

Social Cognitions

A
  • Where prejudice is sprouted
  • Hot Processes are automatic cognitions
  • Cold Processes are the more calculated thought driven responses
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5
Q

Dehumanisation

A
  • attributing qualities of the group to the individual
  • when minorities are regarded as less than human
  • Not required to treat them with full human rights
  • seems that this consequence is less severe
  • Calling people animal derogatory names
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6
Q

Dehumanisation

A
  • attributing qualities of the group to the individual
  • when minorities are regarded as less than human
  • Not required to treat them with full human rights
  • seems that this consequence is less severe
  • Calling people animal derogatory names
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7
Q

Stereotype
Threat

A
  • Fear of being judged by stereotypes by others
  • Studies that show hampering of academic Acheivement
    *
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8
Q

Objective Disadvantage

A
  • Discrimination reduces reall access of some groups to health, education and other resources
  • Can be internalised - Chronic Apathy and lack of motivation
  • Smith 85 - Women anticipate failure more than men which further decreases motivation
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9
Q

Hidden/Reverse Discrimination

A
  • Reluctance to Help - Bystander Apathy
  • Tokenism - Small positive action to deflect criticism
  • Reverse Discrimination - Deliberate advantage to a minority
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10
Q

Quotas

A
  • Using quotas creates a new normative experience
  • It makes diversity in a work situation seem more normal
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11
Q

What is Culture

A
  • Shared Rules that govern behaviour of groups - Overt & Covert
  • Supports existance & survival
  • Relativley stable but evolves over time - Cultural Shift
  • Enculturation
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12
Q

Enculturation

A
  • The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of a new culture if we transition to a new place
    e.g. immigration, changing workplaces
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13
Q

3 Levels of Culture

A
  1. Distal Culture
  2. Proximate Culture
  3. Ontogenic Culture
    We all belong to multiple cultures
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14
Q

Distal Culture

A
  • The most distant influences in our behaviour
  • Individualism/Collectivism
  • Religion
  • Social Norms and Values

National culture, religion

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15
Q

Proximate Culture

A

Family, Friends, Extended Family, community, church groups

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16
Q

Ontogenic System

A
  • Individual Dispositions
  • Character Traits
  • Interacts with Distal and Proximate Cultures
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17
Q

Evolutionary Culture

A
  • Lehman, Chiu & Schaller 2004
  • Terror Management Theory
  • Creation of Share Reality
  • By-Product of Human Interaction
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18
Q

Terror Management Theory

A
  • Shared fears creates belonging and lowers existential angst
  • we generally feel anxiety but being member of a culture reduces it.

e.g. mortality, why are we here? what is my purpose?

19
Q

Creation of Shared Reality

A
  • Humans need to feel that others feel the same way they do
  • Validation of own experiences
  • Gives us a sense of better control
20
Q

By-Product of Human Interaction

A
  • We are social creatures and create culture thorugh interactions
  • Shared beleifs, behaviours and attitudes
21
Q

What is NOT Culture?

A
  • Nationality
  • Ethnicity
  • Race
22
Q

How is Culture Transmitted

A
  • Enculturation
23
Q

Monochronic Cultures

A
  • Prefer to focus on one thing at a time without distractions or interruptions.
  • Schedules and sticking to them is hugely important
  • Previous commitments matter
  • Once a plan is made, it’s followed through
  • Changes to plans taken very seriously and are inconvenient
  • Time is rigid, divisible and inflexible
  • Future orientet
24
Q

Polychronic Cultures

A
  • Does many things at once
  • Concept of time is free-flowing
  • Changes depending on each situation.
  • Distractions and interruptions are a natural part of life
  • Collectivist
25
Q

Cultural Display Rules

A
  • Set the level of appropriate display of emotion
  • Depends on the situation
26
Q

Interpersonal Space

A
  • Intimate Space
  • Social & Consultative Space
  • Public Space
27
Q

Tight vs Loose Cultures

A
  • The extent to which people are required to adhere to cultural norms
  • Tight cultures are strict
  • Loose cultures are relaxed
28
Q

Hofstede’s Value Dimensions

A
  • Power Distance
  • Uncertainty Avoidance
  • Individualism/Collectivism
  • Masculintiy/Femininity
  • Long vs short Term Orientation
29
Q

Power Distance

A
  • How a culture deals with inequality
  • Low distance less accepting of authority
  • High Distance more strict heirarchies - e.g. class systems
30
Q

Uncertainty Avoidance

A
  • Degree of tolerance for the unknown
  • Low levels are more at ease with unpredictable circumstances
  • High levels focus on general truth and reject opposing ideas
31
Q

Language and Culture

A
  • Culture influences words and how we use them
  • Influences Identity
  • Reinforces Cultural Traditions
32
Q

Sapi-Whorf Hypothesis

A
  • Linguistic Relativity
  • Speakers of different languages think differently due to differences in their languages
  • Effects thought processing
  • But: Multilingual?
33
Q

Acculturation

A
  • The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture
  • Focused on adults moving to new cultures - immigration
  • Can be positive - effective adjustment to new culture
34
Q

Culture Learning

A
  • Bochner 1986
  • Effective adjustment to new culture
  • Exposure to culture is a learning process
  • Recognise languages, customs and social norms
35
Q

U Shaped Acculturation

A

Taft & Oberg 1960
1. Honeymoon
2. Crisis
3. Recovery
4. Adjustment
5. Acceptance
Movement through positive to negative then back to positive again
Empirical evidence does not support this -
Stress theory suggests first stage is the most difficult, where there is greatest change.

36
Q

Culture Shock

A
  • Unpleasant feelings of disorientation and anxiety when moving from one culture to another
  • Adaption to practices rules and expectations
  • Multiple phases of adjustment
37
Q

Berry’s Model of Acculturation

A

Deals with change in these factors:
1. physical environment
2. Biological factors
3. Social Relationships
4. Individual adaptation

38
Q

Affective-Behavioural-Cognitive Model

A

Affect - Stress and Coping Theory
Behaviour - Culture Learning Theory
Cognitions - Social Identification Theory

39
Q

Succesful Adjustment

A

Ward & Kennedy 1999
Adjustment is easier if people have:
* People have culture specific knowledge
* Fluency of the language
* More extensive contact with host nationals
* Residents rather than sojourners
* Home culture more similar to host culture

40
Q

Individual Impacts of Multiculturism

A
  • Individuals can be bicultural
  • Identity is stronger with home culture
  • Cultural Time Conservation - Country of origin changes but the bicultural individual stays the same because they are not there.
41
Q

Society Benefits of Diversity

A
  • Increased tolerance and understanding of other
  • Economic and social strength
  • Diversity in lifestyles
42
Q

Conflict in Diversity

A
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Accentuation of Group Differences
  • Creation of Selective thinking
  • Assumption of Homogeneity
  • Xenophobia and Racism
43
Q

Social Engineering

A
  • Psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information

e.g. Stolen Generation, Jan 6 Washington

PSYC3112 - Individual Differences (10 decks)

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