Week 9 Flashcards
Prejudice
- Academic for racism& discrimination
- Gordon Allport says - Prejudice is an attitude
- Tripartite Model - Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural
- Unprejudiced people know what prejudice is
- People with negative attitudes do not always discriminate
Tripartite Model of Prejudice
- Cognitive - thoughts about prejudice
- Affective - the feelings of prejudice
- Behavioural - actions that are discriminatory
Categorical Responses to People
- Susan Fiske 1995
- Stereotypes are cognitive component
- Prejudice is the affective component
- Discrimination in the behavioural aspect
Social Cognitions
- Where prejudice is sprouted
- Hot Processes are automatic cognitions
- Cold Processes are the more calculated thought driven responses
Dehumanisation
- attributing qualities of the group to the individual
- when minorities are regarded as less than human
- Not required to treat them with full human rights
- seems that this consequence is less severe
- Calling people animal derogatory names
Dehumanisation
- attributing qualities of the group to the individual
- when minorities are regarded as less than human
- Not required to treat them with full human rights
- seems that this consequence is less severe
- Calling people animal derogatory names
Stereotype
Threat
- Fear of being judged by stereotypes by others
- Studies that show hampering of academic Acheivement
*
Objective Disadvantage
- Discrimination reduces reall access of some groups to health, education and other resources
- Can be internalised - Chronic Apathy and lack of motivation
- Smith 85 - Women anticipate failure more than men which further decreases motivation
Hidden/Reverse Discrimination
- Reluctance to Help - Bystander Apathy
- Tokenism - Small positive action to deflect criticism
- Reverse Discrimination - Deliberate advantage to a minority
Quotas
- Using quotas creates a new normative experience
- It makes diversity in a work situation seem more normal
What is Culture
- Shared Rules that govern behaviour of groups - Overt & Covert
- Supports existance & survival
- Relativley stable but evolves over time - Cultural Shift
- Enculturation
Enculturation
- The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of a new culture if we transition to a new place
e.g. immigration, changing workplaces
3 Levels of Culture
- Distal Culture
- Proximate Culture
- Ontogenic Culture
We all belong to multiple cultures
Distal Culture
- The most distant influences in our behaviour
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Religion
- Social Norms and Values
National culture, religion
Proximate Culture
Family, Friends, Extended Family, community, church groups
Ontogenic System
- Individual Dispositions
- Character Traits
- Interacts with Distal and Proximate Cultures
Evolutionary Culture
- Lehman, Chiu & Schaller 2004
- Terror Management Theory
- Creation of Share Reality
- By-Product of Human Interaction
Terror Management Theory
- Shared fears creates belonging and lowers existential angst
- we generally feel anxiety but being member of a culture reduces it.
e.g. mortality, why are we here? what is my purpose?
Creation of Shared Reality
- Humans need to feel that others feel the same way they do
- Validation of own experiences
- Gives us a sense of better control
By-Product of Human Interaction
- We are social creatures and create culture thorugh interactions
- Shared beleifs, behaviours and attitudes
What is NOT Culture?
- Nationality
- Ethnicity
- Race
How is Culture Transmitted
- Enculturation
Monochronic Cultures
- Prefer to focus on one thing at a time without distractions or interruptions.
- Schedules and sticking to them is hugely important
- Previous commitments matter
- Once a plan is made, it’s followed through
- Changes to plans taken very seriously and are inconvenient
- Time is rigid, divisible and inflexible
- Future orientet
Polychronic Cultures
- Does many things at once
- Concept of time is free-flowing
- Changes depending on each situation.
- Distractions and interruptions are a natural part of life
- Collectivist
Cultural Display Rules
- Set the level of appropriate display of emotion
- Depends on the situation
Interpersonal Space
- Intimate Space
- Social & Consultative Space
- Public Space
Tight vs Loose Cultures
- The extent to which people are required to adhere to cultural norms
- Tight cultures are strict
- Loose cultures are relaxed
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
- Power Distance
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Masculintiy/Femininity
- Long vs short Term Orientation
Power Distance
- How a culture deals with inequality
- Low distance less accepting of authority
- High Distance more strict heirarchies - e.g. class systems
Uncertainty Avoidance
- Degree of tolerance for the unknown
- Low levels are more at ease with unpredictable circumstances
- High levels focus on general truth and reject opposing ideas
Language and Culture
- Culture influences words and how we use them
- Influences Identity
- Reinforces Cultural Traditions
Sapi-Whorf Hypothesis
- Linguistic Relativity
- Speakers of different languages think differently due to differences in their languages
- Effects thought processing
- But: Multilingual?
Acculturation
- The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture
- Focused on adults moving to new cultures - immigration
- Can be positive - effective adjustment to new culture
Culture Learning
- Bochner 1986
- Effective adjustment to new culture
- Exposure to culture is a learning process
- Recognise languages, customs and social norms
U Shaped Acculturation
Taft & Oberg 1960
1. Honeymoon
2. Crisis
3. Recovery
4. Adjustment
5. Acceptance
Movement through positive to negative then back to positive again
Empirical evidence does not support this -
Stress theory suggests first stage is the most difficult, where there is greatest change.
Culture Shock
- Unpleasant feelings of disorientation and anxiety when moving from one culture to another
- Adaption to practices rules and expectations
- Multiple phases of adjustment
Berry’s Model of Acculturation
Deals with change in these factors:
1. physical environment
2. Biological factors
3. Social Relationships
4. Individual adaptation
Affective-Behavioural-Cognitive Model
Affect - Stress and Coping Theory
Behaviour - Culture Learning Theory
Cognitions - Social Identification Theory
Succesful Adjustment
Ward & Kennedy 1999
Adjustment is easier if people have:
* People have culture specific knowledge
* Fluency of the language
* More extensive contact with host nationals
* Residents rather than sojourners
* Home culture more similar to host culture
Individual Impacts of Multiculturism
- Individuals can be bicultural
- Identity is stronger with home culture
- Cultural Time Conservation - Country of origin changes but the bicultural individual stays the same because they are not there.
Society Benefits of Diversity
- Increased tolerance and understanding of other
- Economic and social strength
- Diversity in lifestyles
Conflict in Diversity
- Ethnocentrism
- Accentuation of Group Differences
- Creation of Selective thinking
- Assumption of Homogeneity
- Xenophobia and Racism
Social Engineering
- Psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information
e.g. Stolen Generation, Jan 6 Washington
