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Programming Language > Week 8- Subprogram > Flashcards

Week 8- Subprogram Flashcards

1
Q

What is abstraction in programming languages?

A

Abstraction in programming languages refers to the concept of hiding low-level details and replacing them with subprogram calls, which enhances readability and manages complexity.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of abstraction in programming?

A

The two main types of abstraction are data abstraction and process abstraction.

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3
Q

What are the benefits of using subprograms in programming?

A

Subprograms promote reuse, leading to savings in memory space and coding time, and increase readability by hiding low-level details.

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4
Q

How are subprograms related to methods in object-oriented programming (OOP)?

A

Subprograms are closely related to methods in OOP, but they differ in how they are called and their associations with classes.

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5
Q

What are the fundamental characteristics of subprograms?

A

Subprograms typically have a single entry point, only one subprogram is in execution at a time, and control returns to the caller after termination.

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6
Q

What is the difference between procedures and functions in subprograms?

A

Procedures perform actions without returning a value, whereas functions return a value as a result of their execution.

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7
Q

What are some design issues related to subprograms?

A

Design issues include local referencing environments, parameter-passing methods, handling parameters that are subprograms, and the use of overloaded and generic subprograms.

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8
Q

What is a closure in the context of subprograms?

A

A closure is a subprogram that captures the environment in which it was created, allowing it to access those captured variables even when called outside their scope.

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9
Q

What are coroutines and how do they differ from subprograms?

A

Coroutines allow multiple entry points and can suspend and resume execution, unlike traditional subprograms that have a single entry point and run to completion.

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10
Q

How does parameter passing improve subprogram flexibility?

A

Parameter passing allows subprograms to be more flexible by not relying extensively on nonlocal variables, which enhances reliability and reduces side effects.

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11
Q

What are the common parameter-passing methods in subprograms?

A

Common parameter-passing methods include pass-by-value, pass-by-reference, pass-by-value-result, and pass-by-name.

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12
Q

What is the significance of a subprogram header?

A

A subprogram header specifies the name, parameter list (if any), and indicates the start of a subprogram definition.

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12
Q

What are user-defined overloaded operators in subprograms?

A

User-defined overloaded operators are custom definitions for existing operators (like +, -, etc.) that allow them to be used with user-defined data types.

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13
Q

How do generic subprograms function?

A

Generic subprograms are designed to work with any data type, allowing the same subprogram to handle different types without rewriting the code for each type.

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14
Q

How does local referencing environment affect subprograms?

A

The local referencing environment defines the scope of variables and how they are accessed, impacting the subprogram’s behavior and interaction with nonlocal variables.

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15
Q

Describe the difference between direct access to nonlocal variables and parameter passing.

A

Direct access to nonlocal variables can reduce reliability due to potential side effects, while parameter passing provides a more controlled and flexible way to access data.

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15
Q

What is a protocol of a subprogram, and why is it important?

A

Parameter profile + return type, defining how the subprogram can be called and what it returns, crucial for interface consistency and type checking.

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15
Q

What are the challenges of extensive access to nonlocal variables?

A

Extensive access to nonlocal variables can lead to reduced reliability and increased risk of unintended side effects in subprograms.

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15
Q

Why is it important to declare subprogram protocols in advance?

A

Declaring subprogram protocols in advance allows for static type checking, ensuring that the subprograms are used correctly according to their defined interfaces.

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16
Q

What are parameters in subprograms?

A

Parameters are values or references passed to subprograms to transmit computations.

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17
Q

Can the name of a subprogram be used as a parameter?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are formal and actual parameters in Python?

A

Formal parameters are placeholders in the subprogram definition, while actual parameters are the values passed during the call.

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19
Q

How are positional parameters bound in Python?

A

Positional parameters are bound by their position in the subprogram call.

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20
Q

How are keyword parameters bound in Python?

A

Keyword parameters are bound by name.

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21
Q

What is a default parameter in Python?

A

A default parameter is a parameter with a predefined value used if no actual parameter is provided.

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21
Q

What are static local variables?

A

Static local variables retain their value between subprogram calls.

22
Q

What are global variables?

A

Global variables are defined outside subprograms and can be accessed without declaration.

23
Q

What is the “out mode” for parameters?

A

Transmits data.

23
Q

What are stack dynamic local variables?

A

Stack dynamic local variables are allocated and deallocated automatically and are flexible for recursive calls.

24
Q

What are nested subprograms?

A

Nested subprograms are defined within other subprograms, creating a hierarchy of logic and scopes.

25
Q

Why are nested subprograms useful?

A

They are useful for hiding subprograms that are only needed within another subprogram.

26
Q

What is the “in mode” for parameters?

A

Receives data.

27
Q

What is the “inout mode” for parameters?

A

Can receive and transmit data.

28
Q

What is pass-by-value?

A

Initializes the formal parameter with a copy of the actual parameter.

29
Q

What is a benefit of pass-by-value?

A

Fast access time for scalars.

30
Q

What is a drawback of pass-by-value?

A

Requires additional storage for copies.

30
Q

What is a benefit of pass-by-reference?

A

Efficient in time and space.

31
Q

What is a con of pass-by-result?

A

Possible parameter collision.

31
Q

What is pass-by-result?

A

Transmits the subprogram’s output back to the caller.

32
Q

What is pass-by-value-result?

A

Combines pass-by-value and pass-by-result.

32
Q

How are parameter passing methods implemented?

A

Typically using a run-time stack.

33
Q

What is pass-by-name?

A

Similar to pass-by-reference, but more complex.

33
Q

What is pass-by-reference?

A

Passes the address of the actual parameter.

34
Q

What is a con of pass-by-reference?

A

Can lead to unintentional changes due to aliases.

35
Q

Do most languages require type checking for parameters?

A

Yes, most modern languages require type checking.

35
Q

How can multidimensional arrays be passed as parameters in C and C++?

A

By passing a pointer to the first element and the dimensions (rows and columns) as separate parameters.

35
Q

How do you get the dimensions of a matrix in C# and Java?

A

Use the length property of the array to get the number of rows or columns.

35
Q

What are two design goals for subprograms related to parameters?

A

Minimize data access outside the subprogram and minimize functional side effects.

35
Q

How does pass-by-value differ from pass-by-reference?

A

Pass-by-value creates a copy of the argument, while pass-by-reference creates an alias to the original variable.

36
Q

When using pass-by-value-result, are the changes reflected in the original variable if the address is computed at the call time?

A

No, changes are not reflected.

37
Q

Consider the function fun(int first, int second). How will the list array be affected by pass-by-value, pass-by-reference, and pass-by-value-result?

A

No change for pass-by-value, list becomes {2, 6} for pass-by-reference, and list becomes {2, 6} for pass-by-value-result (assuming address computation at call time).

37
Q

What are two issues to consider when passing subprograms as parameters?

A

Type checking the subprogram’s protocol and referencing environment handling (shallow binding, deep binding, or ad hoc binding).

38
Q

How can subprograms be called indirectly (e.g., event handling)?

A

By using pointers or references to subprograms.

39
Q

What are overloaded subprograms?

A

Subprograms with the same name but different parameter lists or return types.

40
Q

How do ad hoc polymorphism (overloaded subprograms) and subtype polymorphism (OOP) differ?

A

Ad hoc polymorphism allows functions with the same name but different parameter lists or return types. Subtype polymorphism allows a variable of a type T to access any object of type T and derived from T.

41
Q

How do generic functions interact with overloaded functions?

A

If a specific function exists for the argument types, it takes precedence over a generic function.

42
Q

Can generic functions have multiple template parameters?

A

Yes

42
Q

How can generic functions handle arrays?

A

With template parameters.

43
Q

Why are macros less desirable than generic functions for polymorphism?

A

Macros can cause unintended side effects, especially when arguments have side effects.

44
Q

How can operators be overloaded?

A

Operators can be overloaded by defining them as member functions within a class.

45
Q

What are closures?

A

Closures are functions that can be treated like objects. They can be passed to other functions, returned by functions, and stored in data structures.

46
Q

Can lambda functions create closures?

A

Yes

46
Q

How do nested functions work?

A

Inner functions can access variables from outer functions but cannot be called from outside the outer function.

Programming Language (8 decks)

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