Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYCH337 > WEEK 8- SPEECH PERCEPTION > Flashcards

WEEK 8- SPEECH PERCEPTION Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound

A

physically sound is a mechanical wave (compression and rarefaction) of the particles of the medium the sound is travelling, often air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the tuning fork explanation?

A

the vibrations of tunes of the fork push the air particles. the movement of the air particles creates regions where they are compressed together, high air pressue and others where they are spread apart is low pressure. these regions are known as compressions and rarefactions respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens when disruption of air particles has passed?

A

the displaced molecules return to their starting position once the disruption has passed- back to equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is frequency?

A

the back and forth vibration of the source of the sound. the frequency of a wave refers to how often the particles vibrate when a sound wave passes through 1 hertz= 1 vibration/ second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the pitch of the sound

A

the sensation of a frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is a high pitch a high frequency or low frequency?

A

high frequency (vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what range of frequency are humans capable of detecting

A

20 hz to 200 hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the amplitude of a wave

A

the amount of energy carried by a wave is related to the amplitude of the wave - sound waves transport energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the intensity of sound

A

the amount of energy transported in a given area per unit of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the decibel (dB)

A

used to measure the intensity of a sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens when a sound reaches the ear?

A

when a sound reaches the ear the vibrations of the sound are transmitted to the eardrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the eardrum attached to

A

a series of bones that transmit the vibration into the middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how is the vibration transformed into eletrical nerve impulse

A

by the cochlea- then sent to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the representation of sound in the primary auditory cortex

A

tonotopic- cells are mapped to respond to different frequencies - detail of the brain processing of sound is not yet understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

important aspect of speech processing seems to be lateralized in the where?

A

left hemisphere- region’s of Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

do men or women typically have a high frequency

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the range of decibels we can hear

A

120-140 decibels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what areas are very important in the processing of speech

A

broca’s area and wernicke’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is IPA

A

international phonetic alphabet- perfect representation of sounds- not a one to one correlation between one sound and representation of the alphabet- think about how different the letter e can sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is phonetics?

A

the study of the sound w produce- acoustic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is phonology?

A

what the sounds are you need to hear for your own language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is the articulation system

A

inside the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the articulation system used for

A

to produce 2 types of sounds vowels- produced by letting air flow through the vocal tract without any obstruction and consonants- produced by applying complete or partial obstruction of the vocal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is the letter e produced

A

by raising the tongue higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is an example of a voice sound
da
26
what is an example of a voiceless sound
ta
27
what happens when we produce a sound?
we are manipulating the airflow through the mouth
28
what are vowels described by
height (close, mid, open), backness (front, central, back) and roundedness (yes, no)
29
what is an IPA chart
represents the space of vowels in a graphic representation of the mouth
30
where is the backness of the mouth
the top of the tongue
31
how much of the IPA chart does a language use
a subset of the space
32
what happens if you travel around different english speaking countries
you hear different sets of vowels- different vocalic space
33
what is a diphtong?
combination of two vowels
34
does English have a lot of vowels?
yes
35
what is an example of a language that has less vowels than english?
arabic
36
all languages express at least how many vowels?
3
37
what is the core of the syllable
vowels - along with one or many consonants
38
what are consonants described by?
1) place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, velar) 2) manner of articulation (stop, fricative, nasal) 3) phonation (voice or voiceless)
39
usual IPA chart represents consonants as what?
in pairs
40
are consonants in different languages more different or less different compared to vowels
way less different
41
how many consonants does English have
24
42
what do you need to learn to be a speaker of a language?
phonology
43
what letters can english speakers differentiate but not japanese
r and l
44
what explains why there is difficulty articulating sounds in other languages
there is a continuum between two sounds- but the physical continuum between two sounds often ignored by the listener- each language has a category of sounds
45
infants are born with the ability to what?
ability to distinguish all phonemes
46
what happens are around 10 months?
they lose this ability to distinguish all phonemes- can only distinguish phonemes of their own language- called perceptual narrowing
47
what is API
a convention- what listeners deal with during speech processing - speech perception system achieve consistency in perception that is resistant to variation in speech (speaker, emotion, noisy environment)
48
what is the core issue of speech perception?
how to solve the fact that sound is so messy
49
what is the fundamental pitch that each person possesses?
F0 (vocal fold)
50
what does the way you use the articulation change?
the harmonic frequency that resonates with the frequency of your vocal fold - called a formant
51
what is the lowest frequency formant?
F1 (second is F2 ect, third is F3 ect)
52
what can the ratio between F1 and F2 be enough to identify
a vowel
53
what does F1 have a lower frequency for?
an open vowel (such as a) and a lower frequency for a closed vowel (such as i)
54
what does F2 have a higher frequency for?
front vowel (such as i) and a lower frequency for a back vowel (u)
55
what does API denote?
a consistence in perception that resist to variation (speaker, emotion, noisy environment)
56
what did pioneers in pseech perception research aim to do intially
to develop an automated reading machine for the blind that worked by replacing individual letters with specific sounds. the project failed miserably (because different acoustic correlates depending on the context) acoustic of a sound will depend on its surrounding
57
what is co-articulation
articulation movement of a sequence of phoneme. for example: when pronoucing 'dab' the effects of pronouncing both d and b are evident in the acoustic signature of 'a'
58
what should a theory of speech perception take into account?
there is inter-speaker and intra-speaker variability among signals that convery information about equivalent phonetic events (but listeners are not affected by that). speech perception involves the mapping of speech acoustic signals onto linguistic messages (eg phonemes, distinctive features, syllables, words phrases ect). speech signals contain cues that are transmitted very quickly (20 to 25 sounds per second) and simultaneously - theory should take into account all that.
59
what are the three types of theories of speech perception
motor theories, direct perception, motor theories- only focusing on motor and stage theories
60
what are motor theories?
perception invoves processes related to the production of speech eg motor theory by liberman et al 1967/ they call upon articulatory system to explain how we are so resistant to the variation between the speaker here what they say is that perception involves a process related to the production of speech- there is two examples- very famous one is motor theory and the other one is analysis by synthesis
61
what are stage theories?
perception involves a sequence transformations from sound to object. eg trace theory
62
what is direct perception (not focusing on this theory though)
perception removers information to the sound processing directly to the object sound
63
what do motor theories appeal to
to the aspects of the gestures used to pronounce phonemes- reasonably invariant across contexts (vs audio). perceiving phonemes involves recovering information about articulatory gestures from the acoustic signal - perception and production are closely linked - motor commands in the brain that control movements of the muscles used to speak help us perceive speech. by seeing the movement of lips you will stablizie your perception of the consonant
64
what is the McGurk effect?
perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in pseech perception. the illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound
65
what are humans born with a module that connects what?
a module that connects sounds with mental commands- we have an innate speech processing module
66
what is the argument against motor theories
categorical perception found in non speech. chinchilas showed perceptual category of phoneme
67
what is the trace theory of speech perception?
elman and McClellan proposed TRACE as a stages model that consists of an auditory (ear) front end, auditory feature extraction, a phonetic level and a lexical level. combining information from features, phonemes and words lead to intelligibility of speech instead of individual components. TRACE is implemented in a connectionalist architecture and has both ascending and descending (feedback) connections as well as connections within each level. invariant cues are not required. perception is a result of a cascade of stages involving a one-to-many and many-to-one mapping (behaves like a prototype system). feedback and competition among nodes at the same level are used to stabilize perception
68
what is the argument against TRACE theory?
like a lot of connectionist models- the complexity of implementation is debated. how is this kind of model viable with memory limit? insufficient time-specific reduplication strategy
69
what shapes speech perception?
prediction in language (in the summer it is, in the winter it is- lexical priming). predicition is possible without semantic information - important neural theory Predictive coding - higher level of cognition constraint the analysis of perception. if you have more context you may more prime to recognise a word even if the sound is imperfect - top down bottom up

PSYCH337 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions