Week 8: Recall And Recognition

Question 1

What is the duration of STM?

Answer 1

About 30 seconds

Question 2

What are the two main categories of declarative memory?

Answer 2

Episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 3

Give an example of implicit memory

Answer 3

Procedural memory, such as memories for actions like riding a bike

Question 4

What type of memory involves general knowledge and language representations?

Answer 4

Semantic memory

Question 5

What are the two main types of retrieval?

Answer 5

Recognition and recall

Question 6

Describe the process of free recall

Answer 6

Subjects study a list of words and are asked to recall them in any order, typically recalling 4-5 words

Question 7

How is recognition memory tested?

Answer 7

Subjects study a list of items and are presented with old and new items, where they have to endorse old items and reject new ones

Question 8

How is recognition performance measured?

Answer 8

By how well participants discriminate old items from new ones, not just by recognising old items

Question 9

What are generate-recognise models?

Answer 9

Models that suggest recognition is apart of recall, involving generating candidate words and recognising them

Question 10

Why might candidates be rejected during recall?

Answer 10

The recognition process may erroneously reject items that were on the list and accept items that weren’t

Question 11

How does strength theory explain memory retrieval?

Answer 11

Memories vary in strength; stronger memories are more likely to be recalled or recognised

Question 12

Why does recognition require lower strength than recall?

Answer 12

Because recognising an item needs less strength than recalling it from memory

Question 13

What did Tulving propose regarding memory retrieval?

Answer 13

That cues, rather than strength, are crucial for retrieving memories

Question 14

How did Tulving challenge generate-recognise models?

Answer 14

He showed that words can be recalled even if they are not recognised, contradicting generate-recognise models

Question 15

What is the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 15

Retrieval is successful when the retrieval conditions/cues match the encoding/learning conditions

Question 16

What were the main findings of the study on context-dependent learning?

Answer 16

Recall was best when encoding matched the learning conditions, but there was no benefit for recognition memory

Question 17

How does deep processing differ from shallow processing?

Answer 17

Deep processing involves engaging with the meaning of the items, while shallow processing focuses on perceptual characteristics

Question 18

What were the results on the study on depth of processing?

Answer 18

There was a large improvement in memory retention under deep processing conditions

Question 19

What does TAP suggest about memory performance?

Answer 19

Memory performance is better when the processing at encoding matches the processing at retrieval

Question 20

Give an example of how TAP works

Answer 20

Shallow processing can be more useful than deep processing only when being tested on perceptual characteristics

Question 21

What are the two theories of retrieval in recognition memory?

Answer 21

Serial search and direct access

Question 22

What does serial search theory propose?

Answer 22

Each item in memory is search one at a time to evaluate match to target item

Question 23

What does the direct access theory propose?

Answer 23

Item that closely matches the cue is found instantly and its strength is assessed

Question 24

What are the two processes involved in the dual process theory of recognition?

Answer 24

A fast acting direct access process and a slow acting serial search process if direct access fails

Question 25

What were the main findings of the study testing dual process theory with response deadlines?

Answer 25

Better performance for deep processing, shorter lists, dissimilar lures, and multiple presentations. No evidence supporting dual process theory for different response times

Question 26

What is global similarity computation?

Answer 26

Matching a probe item against each studied item in parallel and summing the similarities to produce a global similarity value

Question 27

How does global similarity explain performance on recent items and longer lists?

Answer 27

Recent items are more likely to match the probe, and longer lists increase the false alarm rate due to more similarities

Question 28

What happens during the sampling phase in the SAM model?

Answer 28

An item is sampled from memory with a probability proportional to its association with the retrieval cues

Question 29

What happens during the recovery phase in the SAM model?

Answer 29

The sampled items recovery probability is proportional to its association with the cues, and weaker items may not be recovered

Question 30

How does context influence recall and recognition in the SAM model?

Answer 30

Context has a significant effect on recall but does not affect the discrimination process in recognition memory

Question 31

What is the effect of word frequency on recall and recognition according to SAM?

Answer 31

High frequency words are better recalled but perform worse in recognition memory tests

Question 32

How does list length affect recall and recognition performance?

Answer 32

Performance decreases with longer lists due to more items to sample and recover (recall) and more interference in global similarity computations (recognition)

Question 33

According to SAM, why does recall slow down as it continues?

Answer 33

Increased likelihood of sampling already recalled items, which interferes with retrieval of new items

Question 34

What does SAM say about the importance of retrieval cues?

Answer 34

Retrieval depends on the similarity between retrieval cues and the contents of memory, following the encoding specificity principle

Question 35

What is a major challenge to the SAM model?

Answer 35

The list strength effect, where increased study time or presentations do not affect recognition performances as predicted by SAM

Question 36

How does the differentiation model challenge SAM’S predictions?

Answer 36

It states that increasing context strength decreases residual strength, meaning strengthened items become less similar to other items in memory, affect recall but not recognition

Question 37

What is 9+10

Answer 37

21

Question 38

How does the different