Week 8: Recall And Recognition Flashcards
What is the duration of STM?
About 30 seconds
What are the two main categories of declarative memory?
Episodic memory and semantic memory
Give an example of implicit memory
Procedural memory, such as memories for actions like riding a bike
What type of memory involves general knowledge and language representations?
Semantic memory
What are the two main types of retrieval?
Recognition and recall
Describe the process of free recall
Subjects study a list of words and are asked to recall them in any order, typically recalling 4-5 words
How is recognition memory tested?
Subjects study a list of items and are presented with old and new items, where they have to endorse old items and reject new ones
How is recognition performance measured?
By how well participants discriminate old items from new ones, not just by recognising old items
What are generate-recognise models?
Models that suggest recognition is apart of recall, involving generating candidate words and recognising them
Why might candidates be rejected during recall?
The recognition process may erroneously reject items that were on the list and accept items that weren’t
How does strength theory explain memory retrieval?
Memories vary in strength; stronger memories are more likely to be recalled or recognised
Why does recognition require lower strength than recall?
Because recognising an item needs less strength than recalling it from memory
What did Tulving propose regarding memory retrieval?
That cues, rather than strength, are crucial for retrieving memories
How did Tulving challenge generate-recognise models?
He showed that words can be recalled even if they are not recognised, contradicting generate-recognise models
What is the encoding specificity principle?
Retrieval is successful when the retrieval conditions/cues match the encoding/learning conditions
What were the main findings of the study on context-dependent learning?
Recall was best when encoding matched the learning conditions, but there was no benefit for recognition memory
How does deep processing differ from shallow processing?
Deep processing involves engaging with the meaning of the items, while shallow processing focuses on perceptual characteristics
What were the results on the study on depth of processing?
There was a large improvement in memory retention under deep processing conditions
What does TAP suggest about memory performance?
Memory performance is better when the processing at encoding matches the processing at retrieval
Give an example of how TAP works
Shallow processing can be more useful than deep processing only when being tested on perceptual characteristics
What are the two theories of retrieval in recognition memory?
Serial search and direct access
What does serial search theory propose?
Each item in memory is search one at a time to evaluate match to target item
What does the direct access theory propose?
Item that closely matches the cue is found instantly and its strength is assessed
What are the two processes involved in the dual process theory of recognition?
A fast acting direct access process and a slow acting serial search process if direct access fails
What were the main findings of the study testing dual process theory with response deadlines?
Better performance for deep processing, shorter lists, dissimilar lures, and multiple presentations. No evidence supporting dual process theory for different response times
What is global similarity computation?
Matching a probe item against each studied item in parallel and summing the similarities to produce a global similarity value
How does global similarity explain performance on recent items and longer lists?
Recent items are more likely to match the probe, and longer lists increase the false alarm rate due to more similarities
What happens during the sampling phase in the SAM model?
An item is sampled from memory with a probability proportional to its association with the retrieval cues
What happens during the recovery phase in the SAM model?
The sampled items recovery probability is proportional to its association with the cues, and weaker items may not be recovered
How does context influence recall and recognition in the SAM model?
Context has a significant effect on recall but does not affect the discrimination process in recognition memory
What is the effect of word frequency on recall and recognition according to SAM?
High frequency words are better recalled but perform worse in recognition memory tests
How does list length affect recall and recognition performance?
Performance decreases with longer lists due to more items to sample and recover (recall) and more interference in global similarity computations (recognition)
According to SAM, why does recall slow down as it continues?
Increased likelihood of sampling already recalled items, which interferes with retrieval of new items
What does SAM say about the importance of retrieval cues?
Retrieval depends on the similarity between retrieval cues and the contents of memory, following the encoding specificity principle
What is a major challenge to the SAM model?
The list strength effect, where increased study time or presentations do not affect recognition performances as predicted by SAM
How does the differentiation model challenge SAM’S predictions?
It states that increasing context strength decreases residual strength, meaning strengthened items become less similar to other items in memory, affect recall but not recognition
What is 9+10
21
How does the different
