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Lab diagnosis > Week 8 quiz review > Flashcards

Week 8 quiz review Flashcards

1
Q

What general info about RBC’s can a CBC include?

A

number, size, Hgb, Average Hgb content, hematocrit,

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2
Q

What does a CBC count?

A

RBCs, WBCs(differental of populations) and platelets (number and volume_

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3
Q

What are the two events allow Leukocytes to defent against foreign invaders?

A

Phagocytosis, and development of specific immune response

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4
Q

What is involved in phagocytosis?

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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5
Q

What cell types are involved in the specific immune response?

A

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

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6
Q

where is bone marrow that makes blood cells?

A

flat bones like sternum and hips

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7
Q

what are the two stem cells in bone marrow?

A

mesenchymal and hematopoeitic

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8
Q

what does pluripotent mean?

A

refer to stems cells ability to become many different things.

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9
Q

Myesenchymal cells become what?

A

CT, blood vessels and lymphatic tissue

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10
Q

Hematopoietic stemm cells become what?

A

Blood cells: RBCs, WBC, Platelets

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11
Q

what are the tree types of granulocytes?

A

neurtophils(PMN), esinophils and basophils

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12
Q

what is a granulocyte?

A

a leukocyte that contains granules that can break down pathogens and antigens.

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13
Q

Eosinphills look like what?

A

stain orange poink, look like lungs

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14
Q

basophils stain how?

A

Stain bluish black with large nucleus

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15
Q

Neutophils stain what color

A

bluish pink with 3-4 lobe nucleus

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16
Q

what causes stem cells to change into specific cells?

A

Colony stimulating factor.

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17
Q

What are the 4 characteristic of RBC and WBC development?

A

more to less cytoplasm, Large neucleus, neucleoli and cell size to smaller nucleus, neucloli and cell size

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18
Q

what is the 5 characteristic of only WBC development?

A

in the Granulocytes go from large and rount to segmented

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19
Q

What are the 6 stages of granulocyte maturation following commitment?

A

goes from non granular to distinct granules, slighly indented nucleus, indentation, segmented cells.

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20
Q

Names of 6 granulocyte stages?

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyleocyte, band, segmented cell

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21
Q

what would be found in leukemia blood smear?

A

myeloblasts, promyelocyte, myelocyte, and metamyelocyte.

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22
Q

what WBC stage is similar to reticulocyte?

A

Band cells, they are about 1.5 size of RBC.

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23
Q

what age group has the highest Norm rance for WBC?

A

Newborn: 9000, - 30,000

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24
Q

Adult WBC count, above 2 years

A

4500,- 10,000

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25
Q

child over 2 years

A

6200-17,000 per mm3

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26
Q

Leukocytosis is what?

A

> 11000 WBC

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27
Q

what can cause leukocytosis?

A

To many WBC caused by infections, trauma, post splenectomy

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28
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

low WBC : < 4000/mm

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29
Q

What can cause leukopenia?

A

Drug toxicity, Bone marrow depression, autoimmune dz, chemo, deficiencies

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30
Q

What is panic high and low for WBC’s?

A

Low: 30,000

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31
Q

where can mature WBCs be stored?

A

bone marrow

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32
Q

when there is an change in the WBC count, do they all ususally change or just one of the types?

A

ususally only one type of WBC changes its ratio.

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33
Q

what is most common reasion for variation in leukocyte count?

A

change in the number of neutrophils because they are the most numerous.

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34
Q

Neutrophils have what charge?

A

neutral

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35
Q

Esinophils have what charge?

A

basic so they attract redish acid dye.

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36
Q

what are the agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes (Tcells) and monocytes

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37
Q

how do I remember the differential WBC cound?

A

60,30,6,3,0, Never, Let, Motor, Engines, Blow

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38
Q

alternate remember WBC relative abundance?

A

never let monkeys eat bananas.

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39
Q

what is unique about the WBC count in children under 3?

A

they have more Lymphocytes than neutrophils because of the many childhood dz’z

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40
Q

what is absolute ABS nuber of cell type good for?

A

determineing if patient is truly has something like neutropenia or if its just relative neutropenia because another WBC is elevated

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41
Q

what is the primary defense agains microbial invasion?

A

Neutrophils, (PMN)

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42
Q

How long can Neutrophils last?

A

In bone marrow for 5-7 days, circulate 7 hours and then live inside the tissue or 2 more hours before dieing.

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43
Q

what does the neutrophil granules contain?

A

alkaline phosphatase.

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44
Q

What is neutrophil toxic granulation?

A

Dark puple granules in cytoplasm due to severe infections, like in burn patients

45
Q

What is the shift to the left?

A

Increase in the band neutrophils (not quite mature) in response to infection.

46
Q

what would cause neutrophils to become hypersegmented?

A

B12 or folic acid deficiency, goes from 3-5,7

47
Q

what would you think if you saw a macrocidit RBC with hypersegmente neutrophils

A

B12 or folic acid deficiency

48
Q

what would be evidence of hypersegmentation?

A

More than 3 cells per 100 with 5 lobes or one with 6 lobes

49
Q

What would cause neutrophilia, increase

A

Acute infection, Emotional stress, Meylocytic leukemia

50
Q

What would cause neutropenia, decrease

A

Overwhelming bacterial infection, Addisons dz and chemotherapy

51
Q

what does increased cortisol due to esinophils?

A

decrease # of esinophils

52
Q

What are esinophils great for

A

taking out parasites with peroxidase, major basic protein, e-catatonic protein and e-derived neurotoxin.

53
Q

what would increased eosinophils in nasal smeal indicate?

A

diagnosing allergic rhinits.

54
Q

Increase in Eosinophilia >5%

A

Parasitic infection, Allergic rxn, hay fever, eczema

55
Q

Decrease- eosinopenia

A

Cushing syndrome, increase in dortisol, stress, burns

56
Q

Basophils are similar to what

A

mast cells

57
Q

what can basophils do?

A

phagocytosis of immune complexes.

58
Q

What do basophils contain

A

Heparin, Histamine, serotonis, they degraulate in allergic reactions

59
Q

what would cause basophilia >50/mm3

A

Myleoproliferative dz, granulocytic leukemia, Hodgkins lymphoma

60
Q

What would cause basopenia <20/mm3

A

Acute phase infection, hyperthyroidism, steroid therapy

61
Q

what are the 3 types of a lymphocytes

A

T cells, B-cells, Natural killer cells

62
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

63
Q

When are atypical lymphcytes seen?

A

some viral infections, mono, etc

64
Q

what doe a lymphocyte look like?

A

slightly bigger than RBC and mostly neucleus when normal and inactive

65
Q

What can cause lymphocytosis >4000/mm3

A

Viral infections, EBV, lymphocytic leukemia

66
Q

What can cause lymphopenia < 1000/mm3

A

Non lymphocytic leukemias, sepsis, SLE, radiation

67
Q

what does an active lymphocyte look like?

A

really big, with more cytoplam

68
Q

What does monocyte do?

A

phagocytosis, engulfing bacteria nad debries from blood

69
Q

three characteristics of a monocyte/macrophage?

A

Large, no granules, deeply indented nucleus , lots of cytoplasm

70
Q

Monocytois> 500/mm3

A

EBV, TB, parasites

71
Q

Monopenia < 100

A

Prednisone, HIB, Hairy cell leukemia

72
Q

increase in band cells is what?

A

a left shift, with a severe infection, may see a metamyelocyte

73
Q

what are the 3 granulocyte pools?

A

Bone marrow pool: BMP, Circulating Granulocyte pool: CGP, Marginal granulocyte pool: MGP

74
Q

what can rapid migration of WBCs to tissues cause?

A

A decrease of WBCs in circulation during early stages, before BMP can catch up.

75
Q

What of the WBC pools can we measure?

A

we can measure the CGP but not the Marginal granulocyte pool

76
Q

what happens to PMN after it eats something?

A

it ususally dies

77
Q

what does increase in immature WBCs in circulation indicate?

A

Either dysregulation of release or increased damand.

78
Q

where are the marginal granulocytes?

A

in the tissues.

79
Q

what is masked neutrophilia?

A

When CGP looks normal or low even though the bone marrow is pushing out WBC.s because the tissues are collecting the WBCs

80
Q

what does left shift incidate?

A

that body is responding effectively to infection

81
Q

Leukomoid reaction?

A

Non-leukemic WBC count grater than 50,000 with 5% or less metamyelocytes or earlier cells

82
Q

what is leukomoid reaction associated with?

A

severe bacterial infections, toxic states, marrow replacement by tumor, hemolytic anemia, blood loss.

83
Q

How can leukemoid reaction be identified?

A

LAP stain, because LAP is high in Leukemoid, shows up dark stained on slide,

84
Q

What is LAP

A

leukocyte alkaline phosphatase

85
Q

What identifies a leukoerythroblastic reacton?

A

Defined by presence of both immature WBCs and nucleated RBCs (immagure) in blood.

86
Q

What causes a leukoerythroblastic reaction?

A

Cancer, Metastatic tumor, leukemia, maybe sever invection

87
Q

What are plateltes for?

A

Have a primare role in blood clotting, vaso constriction, vascular integrity, and hormone serotinin carrier.

88
Q

what is parent cell for platelet?

A

megakaryocyte, only in the Bone marrow.

89
Q

what is a platelet?

A

a cytoplasmic fragment, its not a cell.

90
Q

how long do platelets survive?

A

7-10 days

91
Q

Where are platlets held in reserve?

A

25-30% ins the spleen and liver.

92
Q

normal platelte count?

A

140,000 - 400,000

93
Q

Infant platelet?

A

200,00-475,000

94
Q

Newborn?

A

150,00-300,000

95
Q

what happens If platelets are less than 50,000

A

bleedings

96
Q

what if plateltes are more than 1,000,000

A

clots

97
Q

what is thrombocytopenia

A

<150,000 - decreased counts

98
Q

thrombocytosis

A

> 400,000 - increased counts

99
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

> 1,000,00 - really high counts

100
Q

what causes thrombocytosis?

A

Malignant disorders, acute infection, post spleenectomy syndrome, RA, Iron Def.

101
Q

why would Iron Def cause increased platelets

A

the ratio changes, same amount of platelets get made but there are less RBCs overall

102
Q

What would cause thrombocytopenia

A

Hypersplenism, hemorrhage, leukemia

103
Q

what could be a sign of thrombocytopenia

A

petechiae and ecchymosis., problem if someone needs surgery

104
Q

Why would a person have increased bleeding if they have really high platelet counts like in thrombocytehmia?

A

Because all the platelets start clumping together and then there are non left to stop bleeding.

105
Q

what can increase levels of plateltes

A

high altitudes, increased EPO, exercise, estrogen. Drugs

106
Q

what can falsely decrease platelet count

A

satellites around wbc., not inverting test tube properly

107
Q

what should be done first if a low platelet count is seen

A

check it under the microscope.

108
Q

what causes satellitism

A

EDTA

Lab diagnosis (4 decks)

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