Week 8 Physiology/Immunology Flashcards
Osteoid-matrix is made of what? It then mineralizes to bone by the process off ossification or calcification.
Collagen, glycoprotein, proteoglycan
Osteoblasts turn into or make what?
Osteocytes
Small microscopic canals or tubules that run through bone are called?
canaliculi
Blood vessels in bone run through ___ canals.
Haversian
Resorption of old bone is done by______ in_______.
Osteoclasts, Howships lacunae
Periods of bone formation and resorption are mediated by what signalling molecules? (3)
Cytokines, Growth hormones and Inflammatory molecules
This creates a dynamic homeostasis.
The type of gingivitis before clinical evidence is called?
It is characterized by what?
Sub-clinical,
Characterized by slight increase in inflammatory cells such as neutrophils
And limited loss of connective tissue
Clinical gingivitis symptoms in the junctional epithelium? (3)
Bleeding, Swelling, small gingival pocket
What inflammatory cells are found in clinical gingivitis and where? (3 types)
Neutrophils in sulcus
PMN and lymphocytes (B and T cells) in connective tissue
Clinical symptoms of periodontitis?
Deeper pocket formation, apical migration of junctional epithelium, Bleeding, Swelling and bone loss.
Anaerobic environment in pocket
Inflammatory cells in connective tissue?
PMN, Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Plasma cells
With increased cytokine production
Teeth that over time migrate incisally is called?
Passive eruption- happens with age
Immune system cells that provide specificity and memory? 2 types?
Lymphocytes- T and B cells
2 types of antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages and B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes are made where, differentiate into what? Then make what?
Made in bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells.
They make antibodies.
T-cells are made where and what are the major types?
Made in bone marrow but migrate to and mature in the THYMUS. T for t-cell and thymus.
Two major types- Helper T-cells CD4 (Th) and Cytotoxic CD8 (Tc)
There are other types like regulatory T-cells such as T suppressors Ts or NK cells.
2 major types of non-specific phagocytes?
Macrophages and Neutrophils
Other auxiliary immune cells he mentions?
Granulocytes
Mast cells- allergy
Basophils- large, allergy cancer
Eosinophils- parasite, cancer
Platelets- Clotting
4 types of regulatory immune cell surface markers
MHC(major histocompatibility complex),
CD (cluster of differentiation),
Receptors,
Adhesins
What is the MHC’s job and what is called in humans? How many classes are there?
Introduces foreign antigens to T-cells. Responsible for graft and transplant rejections.
In humans it is called the HLA or Human Leukocyte Antigen
2 major classes I (all cells in body) and II (professional antigen presenting cells like B cells and macrophages)
What CD (Cluster differentiation) antigens are found on the surface of what immune cells? Another thing we use them for?
We use them to Differentiate leukocyte populations
CD2, CD3 – all T cells
CD4 T helper cells
CD8 T cytotoxic killer and T suppression cells
CD14 – macrophage
CD19 – B cells
Name 4 broad categories of receptors found on immune cells? What do receptors do in a basic sense?
Bind molecules (ligands) and induce growth or secretion.
T cell receptor /TCRs,
Receptors for cytokines,
Immunoglobulin receptors,
Complement receptors
What are adhesins and name 2 examples cited in the lecture?
Bind cells to or to each other or tissue
Integrins–LFA-1 on lymphocytes (binds ICAM-1)
Selectins–endothelium Ex.: ELAM binds neutrophils
What are effector molecules and name 4 specific examples?
Products of immune cells which help eliminate foreign material by signalling.
- Immunoglobulins
- Complement
- Cytokines
- Growth Factors
and there are other mediators.
