Week 8 Physiology/Immunology Flashcards
Osteoid-matrix is made of what? It then mineralizes to bone by the process off ossification or calcification.
Collagen, glycoprotein, proteoglycan
Osteoblasts turn into or make what?
Osteocytes
Small microscopic canals or tubules that run through bone are called?
canaliculi
Blood vessels in bone run through ___ canals.
Haversian
Resorption of old bone is done by______ in_______.
Osteoclasts, Howships lacunae
Periods of bone formation and resorption are mediated by what signalling molecules? (3)
Cytokines, Growth hormones and Inflammatory molecules
This creates a dynamic homeostasis.
The type of gingivitis before clinical evidence is called?
It is characterized by what?
Sub-clinical,
Characterized by slight increase in inflammatory cells such as neutrophils
And limited loss of connective tissue
Clinical gingivitis symptoms in the junctional epithelium? (3)
Bleeding, Swelling, small gingival pocket
What inflammatory cells are found in clinical gingivitis and where? (3 types)
Neutrophils in sulcus
PMN and lymphocytes (B and T cells) in connective tissue
Clinical symptoms of periodontitis?
Deeper pocket formation, apical migration of junctional epithelium, Bleeding, Swelling and bone loss.
Anaerobic environment in pocket
Inflammatory cells in connective tissue?
PMN, Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Plasma cells
With increased cytokine production
Teeth that over time migrate incisally is called?
Passive eruption- happens with age
Immune system cells that provide specificity and memory? 2 types?
Lymphocytes- T and B cells
2 types of antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages and B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes are made where, differentiate into what? Then make what?
Made in bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells.
They make antibodies.
T-cells are made where and what are the major types?
Made in bone marrow but migrate to and mature in the THYMUS. T for t-cell and thymus.
Two major types- Helper T-cells CD4 (Th) and Cytotoxic CD8 (Tc)
There are other types like regulatory T-cells such as T suppressors Ts or NK cells.
2 major types of non-specific phagocytes?
Macrophages and Neutrophils
Other auxiliary immune cells he mentions?
Granulocytes
Mast cells- allergy
Basophils- large, allergy cancer
Eosinophils- parasite, cancer
Platelets- Clotting
4 types of regulatory immune cell surface markers
MHC(major histocompatibility complex),
CD (cluster of differentiation),
Receptors,
Adhesins
What is the MHC’s job and what is called in humans? How many classes are there?
Introduces foreign antigens to T-cells. Responsible for graft and transplant rejections.
In humans it is called the HLA or Human Leukocyte Antigen
2 major classes I (all cells in body) and II (professional antigen presenting cells like B cells and macrophages)
What CD (Cluster differentiation) antigens are found on the surface of what immune cells? Another thing we use them for?
We use them to Differentiate leukocyte populations
CD2, CD3 – all T cells
CD4 T helper cells
CD8 T cytotoxic killer and T suppression cells
CD14 – macrophage
CD19 – B cells
Name 4 broad categories of receptors found on immune cells? What do receptors do in a basic sense?
Bind molecules (ligands) and induce growth or secretion.
T cell receptor /TCRs,
Receptors for cytokines,
Immunoglobulin receptors,
Complement receptors
What are adhesins and name 2 examples cited in the lecture?
Bind cells to or to each other or tissue
Integrins–LFA-1 on lymphocytes (binds ICAM-1)
Selectins–endothelium Ex.: ELAM binds neutrophils
What are effector molecules and name 4 specific examples?
Products of immune cells which help eliminate foreign material by signalling.
- Immunoglobulins
- Complement
- Cytokines
- Growth Factors
and there are other mediators.
Immunoglobulins are produced by what? Name the five classes?
Plasma cells- B-cells
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
Two major regions on Ig molecules and what do they do?
Fab- binds antigen (a-antigen)
Fc- binds cells and complement (c= cells, complement)
What is the first Ig/antibody made and what is shape does it take?
IgM and it is pentameric
What is the most common Ig/antibody in blood and more about it?
IgG, made 2nd and it crosses the placenta
More about IgA and where is can be found?
Monomeric in blood, dimeric joined by a J chain when excreted in it’s sIgA form (secretory) agglutinates bacteria, found in mucus, saliva, tears, sweat, colostrum
What does IgE do?
Activates mast cells which are involved in allergic responses
Where is IgD found?
Surface of naive B-cells
4 jobs of the Complement System?
- Controls inflammatory reactions
- Eliminates antigens
- Activates cells
- Prepares microbes and foreign particles for phagocytosis
3 Pathways of Activation of Complement and 2 he points out?
Classical, Alternative and Lectin
What is the Classical activated by and some of the basic components?
Activated by antigen/antibody complexes IgM/IgG
Components include C1, C4, C2
What activate the Alternative Complement pathway? What are the components?
Surface molecules of intruders (viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites) PAMPS and MAMPS such as lipids and carbs like LPS
Also immunoglobulin A, and polysaccharides
Components include factor B and D
What is the Lytic Complement Pathway?
A pathway of the complement system that can be activated by all 3 pathways that leads to lysis of the target via the MAC (membrane attack complex)
Basic steps of the Lytic Pathway?
Cleavage of C3, C5,
Release of C3a and C5a which are chemotactic and anaphylactic
Results in formation of (MAC)
C56789 inserts into cell and makes holes
What are cytokines? Their job (3)? How do they function? What concentration do they need to be at?
- Chemicals made by immune cells to eliminate germs, promote tissue resorption, and regulate hematopoiesis ( production of blood cells)
- Can function in autocrine (on self), paracrine (nearby cells), or endocrine (systemic) manner
- Active at LOW concentrations since they interact with highly sensitive receptors on cells
What do growth factors do? Give an example
Can promote growth of tissues and block tissue breakdown.
Ex.: Transforming growth factors (TGF-beta)
4 examples of other mediators he mentions in the lecture?
Proteins (i.e. heparin–thins blood)
Peptides (i.e. bradykinin–pain sensation)
Prostaglandins i.e. PGE2–promotes bone loss)
Amines (i.e. histamine–dilates vessels, constricts airway)
What is innate immunity? Activated by? Kinds of cells in it?
Natural resistance to infection Activated immediately by pathogens Non Specific Cells -- neutrophils and macrophages Regulatory molecules -- cell surface receptors and adhesins Effector molecules -- complement, cytokines, prostaglandins
An infection can trigger tissue loss from inflammation.
True or False
True
Tests for what products may make good diagnostic indicators?
Tissue products such as collagenase, prostaglandins, antibodies, and complement.
Tests for what could help identify patients who are susceptible to inflammatory diseases? What else might be used as indicators of susceptibility?
Neutrophil function, antibody production, and complement opsonization
HLA typing, chemotactic defects and adhesin abnormalities can be used as
indicators of susceptibility.
Measurement of what factors may indicate patients who are resistant to
inflammatory diseases?
Factors responsible for healing such as growth factors
____factors may also play a role in inflammatory disease susceptibility.
Genetic
Understanding the host response in inflammatory diseases can provide diagnostic ______ as well as better, and more specific ______ for patients.
Tools and treatments
