Week 8 - Participatory Research Flashcards
What is Participant Observation?
Researcher immerses themselves in a group or setting to observe and participate in their activities.
What is Participatory (Action) Research?
Researcher works with research participants to design and conduct the study.
What are the key features of Participatory Action Research?
- A collaborative process oriented towards social transformation
- Involves researchers and participants working together to examine a problematic situation or action to change it for the better
- Research WITH participants/communities
What are the three P’s of Participatory Action Research according to Finn (1994)?
- People-centered
- Conscious of power
- Embraces praxis
According to Arnstein (1969), what does the Ladder of Citizen Participation illustrate?
The degree of involvement people can have in research.
What are the steps in the process of participatory research?
- Ongoing
- Emphasizes co-learning, participation and organizational transformation
- Research problem is determined by the participants who understand it
What is the first step in the structure of participatory research?
Identify the problem and community affected.
What is the second step in the structure of participatory research?
Approach the community/impacted parties and agree to collaborate on finding solutions through research.
What is the importance of setting clear goals/objectives in participatory research?
It helps guide the research process and ensures all participants are aligned on outcomes.
What does the concept of ‘saturation’ refer to in participatory research?
The point at which no new information or insight is identified.
What might be included in the implications of findings in participatory research?
- Key implications of the findings
- Discussion with the group to gather additional perspectives
In the example of a children’s playground needing repair, what is the first step?
Identify the problem: Playground is a mess, what to do with it?
Who might be approached in the second step of participatory research regarding the playground?
- Park users
- Park staff
- City officials
- Community leaders
- Nearby residents
- Playground designers
- Local nonprofits
What does the third step of the playground example involve?
Determining a reasonable goal, such as coming up with a new design for the playground.
What are the six steps in the PAR methods?
- General Information and Rapport Building
- Focus Groups
- Planning
- Conducting Research
- Dissemination
- Follow-up
What are some challenges of using PAR in Sport for Development?
- Institutionalization of SfD can reinforce power relations
- Conflict with academic institutions
- Research versus Action
What should be considered when choosing a site for mini-ethnography?
- Access
- Travel time
- Who uses the site
- Public space
What are some appropriate sites for observation in mini-ethnography?
- Public park
- Bus stop
- Train station
- Airport arrivals
- Outdoor rink
What should be avoided during mini-ethnography?
- Observing people’s private lives
- Observing children without parental consent
- Making people feel uncomfortable
What should be included in the notes taken during observations?
- Five senses considerations
- Demographics of people present
- Interactions among people
- Rules or norms being followed
What is the final step in the mini-ethnography assignment?
Write up your mini-ethnography.
What should you include in your schematic of the site?
A rough map of the site.
When is the deadline to upload notes from the first field visit?
By the end of Friday this week.
What is the word count range for the mini-ethnography?
1200-1500 words – 2000 words max.
What should the introduction of the mini-ethnography cover?
Site name, location, nearby relevance, background information, selection rationale, special features, prior connections, and observation goals.
What data collection details should be included in the mini-ethnography?
Visit date, items brought, data collection methods, amount of data collected, and ethical considerations.
What aspects should be described in the findings section about the site?
Appearance, smell, sound, weather, facilities, and people present.
What should be noted about the people at the site during observation?
Number of people, activities, attire, norms, languages spoken, and general vibe.
What type of media should be inserted into the text of the mini-ethnography?
Photos, schematics, etc.
What major aspects should be included in the conclusion of the mini-ethnography?
Major takeaways, any observed issues, improvement opportunities, and user service enhancements.
List three DO’s for conducting ethnography.
- Pay attention
- Take lots of notes
- Draw schematics of the space.
List three DON’Ts for conducting ethnography.
- Listen to music/podcasts or use headphones
- Get distracted
- Go in groups.
True or False: You can bring a friend to observe with you during your ethnography.
True, but they should not distract.
Fill in the blank: You must actually go and spend an hour, _______.
[twice].
What should be done with photos, audio files, and notes during the ethnography?
Timestamp them.
